There are the Good Guys and the Bad Guys. But it is important to keep
in mind that they are different Guys for the Ruling Class than for the
Working/Lower Class.
For the Ruling Class, the Good Guys are those who do the bidding of
the Empire. Very often, in fact more times than not, these Good Guys
are the Bad Guys for the rest of us.
Actually, as far as the Empire is concerned, the terms Good Guys and
Bad Guys do not exist.
The powerful American Empire uses the rest of us for their purposes.
We either serve the Empire or we are dismissed or crushed. The Empire
may use Mafia mobsters today, and the Ukrainians tomorrow. It could
be saddam hussein, or
slovadon milosevich. It doesn't really matter if they are Good Guys
or Bad Guys. They are simple pawns in the Empire's game of conquest.
We can accept it and be proud that we are on the "winning side", or we
can speak out and search for ways to tip the balance of power. Or we
can hunker down and try to pretend that we are living in America the
Beautiful.
But no matter what, the Empire is not ready to roll over and play
dead. Not in the lifetime of most of us.
That does not stop us from planning and teaching our young to prepare
a better way for whatever the Empire leaves behind.
Carl Jarvis
On 10/15/14, Miriam Vieni <miriamvieni@optonline.net> wrote:
> Coincidentally, there's a bit of Cuban history in this article.
>
> Published on Alternet (http://www.alternet.org)
> Meet the CIA's 10 Favorite Drug Traffickers
> ________________________________________
> Substance.com [1] / By Nick Alexandrov [2]
>
> Meet the CIA's 10 Favorite Drug Traffickers
>
>
> October 14, 2014 |
> Attacking drug cartels. Dismantling organized crime. US officials argue
> that
> these are two of the core objectives driving Washington's foreign policy.
> But the record of US conduct abroad since World War II tells a different
> story. Around the world, Washington has consistently backed prolific drug
> smugglers, provided these groups advance US governmental interests.
> Justifications for this support have morphed over the years--it was
> anti-Communism during the Cold War, anti-terrorism today--but these
> rationalizations mask a consistent set of policy outcomes.
> The Central Intelligence Agency, created in 1947, oversaw the distribution
> of many of the billions the US spread around. This paper trail was
> clandestine, its secrecy justified by supposed national security concerns.
> But the reality was that the CIA's aims aligned easily with brutal figures
> worldwide. Public awareness of its feats would have embarrassed the agency.
> One result is that huge drug syndicates have emerged; another is that
> countries have transformed into major drug producers. Because drugs are
> illegal, traffickers use some of their ill-gotten riches to pay law
> enforcement to look the other way, if not get in on the action. Corruption
> and criminality corrode governments. Civilians suffer.
> Is expanded drug smuggling the real "drug war" legacy? That's one question
> the just-released, much-praised film Kill the Messenger [3], about San Jose
> Mercury News reporter Gary Webb (played by Jeremy Renner), asks. Webb
> unearthed ties linking the CIA-backed Nicaraguan contras to top drug barons
> bringing cocaine into the US. And that's the question posed by this list of
> 10 of the CIA's most favored drug traffickers, from World War II to the
> present.
> The 1940s
> Don Calogero Vizzini (Sicilian Mafia)
> The Sicilian Mafia was decimated [4] by the start of World War II.
> Mussolini's repression left it clinging to strongholds in Sicily.
> The Allied occupation reversed this decline. The CIA's precursor, the US
> Office of Strategic Services (OSS), teamed [4] with organized crime during
> the July 1943 invasion of Sicily. That was when the US Army appointed Don
> Calogero Vizzini, a local Mafia boss, mayor of Villalba. He was certain his
> US ties gave him impunity, so he murdered [4] the local intrusive police
> chief. The US installed mayors like Vizzini throughout western Sicily, as
> the US-Mafia partnership persisted.
> Italy's Communist Party was gaining power as the war ended, and social
> reforms would have eroded Mafia power. Both Washington and the crime bosses
> intended [4] to crush the Italian left.
> In 1946, while the Mafia was rebuilding, the US freed [4] top gangster
> Lucky
> Luciano from his New York prison, deporting him to Italy. He contacted his
> friend Vizzini upon arrival, and the two helped construct an enormous drug
> trafficking network. Law enforcement did not interfere with the project.
> Morphine base arrived from the Middle East and was made into heroin at a
> Palermo laboratory Vizzini ran--which fronted as a candy factory--then
> shipped
> [4] to the US.
> The number of addicts there was near 20,000 at the war's conclusion. In
> 1952, two years before Vizzini died, it was 60,000. Heroin dependence
> plagued 150,000 US citizens by 1965.
> The 1950s and 1960s
> Li Mi (Kuomintang Party, China)
> The CIA formed [5] in 1947. Its first allies included [6] members of Chiang
> Kai-Shek's Chinese Nationalist (Kuomintang, or KMT) Party, which Mao kicked
> out of mainland China in 1949. KMT members were already seasoned drug
> smugglers, having brought [7] opium and heroin into the US in the 1920s.
> Among the KMT's key North American contacts were Chinese residents of
> Mexico. The DEA's predecessor, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, observed
> [8]
> in 1946 that "in a recent Kuomintang Convention in Mexico City a wide
> solicitation of funds for the future operation of the opium trade was
> noted." This future apparently was secured, as KMT opium continued [9]
> entering the US from Mexico in 1947.
> Mao's victory came two years later. In its wake, some 12,000 KMT troops
> under General Li Mi fled to Burma. Journalist George Thayer writes [10] in
> his 1970 book, The War Business [11], that "the CIA saw these troops as a
> thorn in Mao's side and continued to supply them with arms and money," even
> as Li's forces secured [12] control of Asia's largest opium poppy fields.
> Reporters Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair explain [13], in their
> 1998 book, Whiteout [14], that "pilots working for the CIA carried loads of
> Li Mi's opium on their return flights to Bangkok, where it was delivered to
> General Phao [Sriyanond, see below], head of the Thai secret police and a
> longtime CIA asset." By the late 1950s, the region--known as the Golden
> Triangle--produced about half [15] of the world's annual raw opium output.
> Washington awarded [16] Li Mi the US Legion of Merit in 1946. He died in
> Taipei in March 1973.
> Phao Sriyanonda (Thailand)
> CIA-employed pilots carried Li Mi's opium from Burma to Police General Phao
> Sriyanond in Bangkok, who later funneled weapons to Li Mi to aid a planned
> invasion [17] of southern China. This elite Thai cop appointed [18] himself
> head of the police department in the aftermath of a 1947 military coup
> [19].
> He then fortified [20] his organization to the point where it rivaled the
> military by late 1950.
> The CIA played a crucial role in this transformation. In August 1950, an
> agency team traveled [21] to Bangkok where--with approval from the US State
> and Defense Departments--it worked out a deal to equip and train a Thai
> paramilitary force. US intelligence officials created a front entity, the
> Southeast Asia (SEA) Supply Company, as a cover for this operation. Soon
> [22] some 300 CIA advisers were on the SEA Supply payroll. A few years
> later, from 1952 to 1953, the Thai police oversaw [23] a harsh series of
> political purges. Generally Phao was seen [24] as a merciless ruler who
> wouldn't hesitate murder opponents, if doing so would help him advance.
> And opium money fueled [25] Phao's rise to power throughout this period. He
> used [26] police facilities for his drug smuggling, and employed a personal
> army of law enforcement officers. The Thai police became the country's
> biggest opium-smuggling syndicate during the 1950s, as Thailand secured
> [27]
> its position as a key player in heroin trafficking worldwide. The country
> relied so heavily on drug trafficking that when Thai officials proposed a
> ban on opium sales and use in 1956, the government balked, claiming [28] it
> wouldn't be able to find revenue sources to replace the lost funds.
> Phao fled to Geneva after a 1957 coup. He died [29] there three years
> later.
> Ouane Rattikone (Laos)
> After some initial hesitation, Thailand did set to eradicating drug
> smuggling within its borders. In his 1972 study, The Politics of Heroin
> [30], Alfred W. McCoy writes [31] that Thailand "unleashed a full military
> assault on the opium trade" in 1959. This crackdown coincided with the
> relocation, under pressure, of KMT forces from Burma to towns in
> northwestern Laos "that would soon become opium centers and CIA bases,"
> Peter Dale Scott explains [32] in his 2003 book, Drugs, Oil & War [33].
> US intelligence officials put down deeper roots in Laos in the 1960s. From
> 1960 to 1974, for example, they trained [34] an army of 30,000 Hmong
> tribesmen who battled the native Pathet Lao Communists and guarded radar
> sites the US used in its North Vietnam bombing runs. The Hmong also grew
> opium for cash.
> In 1965, General Ouane Rattikone became head of the military government in
> Laos, and trie [34]d to take over this local opium trade. He dispatched his
> troops in 1967 to secure KMT trafficking routes into Laos, and shut down
> the
> Corsicans who had flown opium out of the region on their own airlines.
> But Laos couldn't [35] furnish enough aircraft in the Corsicans' absence.
> The CIA filled this void, lending Hmong traffickers its own Air America
> planes so they could shift opium from rural villages to heroin labs in Laos
> or South Vietnam.
> The 1960s and 1970s
> José Miguel Battle, Sr. (The Corporation, Cuban Exiles)
> Fulgencio Batista's Cuba was an organized crime paradise. While he ruled,
> the Italian-American Mafia ran [36] casinos and brothels, paying off
> government officials and cops to secure a loyal client base. José Miguel
> Battle, Sr., was one such policeman, and also served in Batista's army.
> Fidel Castro ruined [36] this system when he toppled Batista on January 1,
> 1959. The gangsters and their Cuban affiliates fled the country, aiding
> Washington's early campaigns to overturn the revolution. The CIA recruited
> Battle to play a key role in the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion.
> But this campaign failed--as did the well-known [37] Mafia-aided attempt to
> murder Castro. Cuban exiles therefore had to adapt [36] to life in the US.
> Battle and his associates formed La Compañía--the Corporation--basing it in
> Miami, but operating in California, Nevada, New Jersey New York and
> elsewhere in the US. The gang imported [38] cocaine, heroin and marijuana
> en
> route to becoming [39] a $45-million-a-year illicit gambling collective. It
> firebombed its way to power, torching [40] competitors' homes and
> businesses.
> By the early '80s, Battle was ready for a quieter life, and retired [41] to
> a 30-acre ranch in the South Miami-Dade area. US officials arrested him for
> racketeering in March 2004, sentencing him in January 2007 to 20 years. He
> was out on $1 million bond when he died the following August after
> struggling with liver failure and cardiac problems.
> The 1970s and 1980s
> Juan Ramón Matta-Ballesteros (Honduras)
> Juan Ramón Matta Ballesteros grew up [42] in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, trying
> to survive as a homeless child--and determined to change his fortune. Drug
> smuggling was one available escape. Matta pursued it, and as a young man,
> in
> 1970, US officials arrested [43] him in Dulles Airport for possessing 24.5
> kilograms of cocaine.
> He escaped from prison and got back into trafficking. The DEA elected not
> to
> move in on him in 1973. Two years later Matta had reached the rank of
> go-between for Colombian and Mexican organizations moving cocaine into the
> US. With Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, the kingpin of Mexico's Guadalajara
> group--the term "cartel" wasn't used much at the time--he became a top coke
> pusher [44], shifting the drug from Peru to Mexico.
> He also moved [45] $500 million in US-bound cocaine through Honduras each
> year. And with the proceeds, he financed a 1978 coup that installed General
> Policarpo Paz Garcia as the Honduran president. By that point, the
> Sandinista uprising in Nicaragua--along the south Honduran border--was well
> underway. It culminated in the overthrow of the US-allied Somoza
> dictatorship in 1979.
> Washington responded by organizing anti-Sandinista forces--the Contras--along
> the Honduran border. Coke barons like Matta and Mexico's Félix Gallardo
> helped fund this campaign to restore Somoza to power. In 1983, for example,
> Matta's airline, SETCO, was the main transporter bringing guns and food to
> the Contras. The CIA awarded SETCO its contract even after the DEA and US
> Customs highlighted [46] it as a trafficking enterprise.
> And there was more evidence the DEA understood [47] the situation. Its
> agent
> in Honduras, Thomas Zepeda, researched the scene and concluded that the
> Honduran military was in on Matta's drug running. But this was an
> inconvenient truth. So in 1983 the DEA pulled Zepeda from the country, and
> closed its Tegucigalpa office.
> Another DEA agent, Enrique Camarena, met a darker fate. He was kidnapped,
> tortured and murdered [48] in 1985 while on assignment in Mexico--and Matta
> was one of the killing's suspected masterminds. US and Honduran forces
> raided [49] Matta's Tegucigalpa home three years later, extraditing him to
> the US. Last May marked [50] his 26th year in federal prison in the US.
> Miguel Angel Félix Gallardo (Guadalajara Group, Mexico)
> Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo went beyond [51] what earlier Mexican drug
> traffickers had dreamed possible. He started as a local cop in Sinaloa in
> the 1960s, climbing the ranks to become his governor's bodyguard. By 1978
> he
> was head of the Guadalajara group, a trafficking organization that
> dominated
> Mexico's Pacific coast.
> Like Matta, Félix Gallardo exploited his power at the time of the
> Nicaraguan
> Revolution to try to roll back the Sandinistas. When he wasn't pushing [52]
> four tons of cocaine per month into the US, he was proving the extent to
> which he was, as his pilot Werner Lotz put it [53], "a big supporter" of
> the
> Contras. Félix Gallardo once handed Lotz $150,000 to give to the CIA-backed
> Nicaraguan forces. On other occasions he bragged of how many guns he had
> sold them, or of how he had rallied [54] his Mexican colleagues to the
> cause.
> If this generosity made him a valuable CIA asset, Mexico's Federal Security
> Directorate--a kind of hybrid CIA-FBI--had to be thanked for helping him
> realize his drug-running ambitions. In 1947, when Mexico's drug trade was
> still small-scale and concentrated [55] in Sinaloa, Washington had
> encouraged [56] its southern neighbor to organize an intelligence agency.
> When the DFS formed, it began not only protecting smugglers--for a cut of
> the
> proceeds--but helping them expand their operations. It gave [56] traffickers
> fake DFS badges, for example, so they could operate free of legal
> harassment. Early signs of today's monstrous cartels can be detected during
> this period, throughout which the US and Mexican governments remained [57]
> firm Cold War allies, as the CIA worked closely [58] with the DFS.
> Félix Gallardo was another kingpin implicated in Enrique Camarena's 1985
> murder. He was arrested in 1989, and is currently doing 40 years [59] in
> "Altiplano," a Mexican maximum-security prison.
> Manuel Noriega (Panama)
> Panama's Manuel Noriega got on the CIA payroll in 1968. US intelligence
> officials discovered [60] his drug trafficking ties in 1972. In 1981, CIA
> director William Casey invited Noriega to CIA headquarters in Langley,
> Virginia. Their discussion was productive, amicable--the start of what
> Noriega termed [61] his "cozier relationship" with Washington.
> This partnership lasted for much of the '80s, when Noriega became military
> dictator, dominating Panama. Noriega ran weapons to the Nicaraguan contras
> as they worked to ruin the Sandinistas, and Panama transformed [62] its
> Howard Air Force Base into a Contra training camp. This loyalty to
> Washington's aims was what mattered to US officials. If Noriega remained
> obedient, he could keep moving drugs without any problems. His US allies
> would look away.
> And they had to--evidence against Noriega kept surfacing. Senator Birch Bayh
> told Congress in 1978 he had information tying Noriega to Panamanian drug
> trafficking. The House Foreign Affairs Committee concluded [63], in 1985,
> that the dictator had poured funds into a narcotics lab on his country's
> Colombian border. Then Seymour Hersh published [64] a New York Times story
> the following June. The piece sketched [65] an ugly portrait: Noriega
> laundered money for guerrillas and drug kingpins, and smuggled drugs
> himself. Senator Jesse Helms appeared on Meet the Press soon after and
> confirmed [66] the charges.
> These accusations didn't undermine Washington-Panama cooperation. What did
> was Noriega's disobedience--he passed [67] information [68] on the Contras
> to
> Cuba, for instance. So he had to be punished. President Bush, the former
> CIA
> director, attacked Panama in December 1989. The stated aim was to hold
> Noriega accountable for drug trafficking. "Operation Just Cause" [69]
> leveled city blocks in a Panama City slum and killed its residents, who
> were
> dumped in a mass grave before the US military burned their remains--an
> effort
> to torch the evidence of Washington's cynical campaign.
> Noriega served [70] 15 years of a 30-year sentence in the US for drug
> trafficking. He is now serving a 20-year sentence for murder in Panama.
> The 1990s to the present
> Carlos Castaño (Colombian Paramilitaries)
> Colombia is a major drug war front [71], and some consider [72]
> Washington's
> "Plan Colombia" a success. But US interests there align [73] with
> paramilitary aims. And these groups--right-wing, heavily armed--have a record
> of deep complicity in drug trafficking.
> "Comparatively little is known of the CIA's role in Colombia," Peter Dale
> Scott writes [74] in Drugs, Oil & War. It is known, however, that the CIA
> taught terror tactics to Colombian police officers in the 1960s. And Human
> Rights Watch described [75] how "a US Defense Department and CIA team
> worked
> with Colombian military officers on the 1991 intelligence reorganization
> that resulted in the creation of killer networks that identified and killed
> civilians suspected of supporting guerrillas."
> In 1993, Carlos Castaño, head of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
> (AUC, in its Spanish acronym)--the main paramilitary entity--teamed with
> Colombian authorities and the CIA to topple Colombian kingpin Pablo
> Escobar.
> Castaño estimated [76] before his 2004 assassination that 70% of his
> funding
> derived from drug smuggling, and the DEA agreed. Its former deputy
> administrator, James Milford, cited Castaño's links to the North Valle
> cartel and concluded [76] that the paramilitary leader was a "major cocaine
> trafficker in his own right." Another DEA official, Donnie Marshall,
> explained [76] that the paramilitaries "raise funds through extortion, or
> by
> protecting laboratory operations in northern and central Colombia," and
> that
> they "appear to be directly involved in processing cocaine. At least one of
> these paramilitary groups appears to be involved in exporting cocaine from
> Colombia."
> But the US targets the FARC guerillas--the enemies of paramilitary groups.
> The guerrillas aren't traffickers. They work with coca growers, currently
> mediating between small producers and cocaine processors. Garry Leech, a
> reporter with extensive experience in Colombia, points out [77] that the
> FARC pays higher prices than the paramilitaries for coca paste. He suggests
> that Washington's policy, by empowering outfits like the AUC, will lower
> cocaine production costs, meaning that "the street price of cocaine in US
> cities will most likely remain unchanged or, if anything, decrease."
> Another
> drug war "victory."
> The 2000s to the present
> Ahmed Shah Masood (Northern Alliance, Afghanistan)
> Drug prohibitionists could have seen their preferred policies pursued to an
> extreme in Afghanistan nearly 15 years ago. The Taliban banned [78] opium
> production there in 2000, well before the US invaded after 9/11. Taliban
> militias destroyed [79] heroin labs and imprisoned thousands of farmers to
> force the population's compliance. The results [80] were dramatic. Some
> 3,300 tons of opium were harvested in 2000, but that figure plummeted to 35
> tons a year later.
> In 2001, only one region in the country continued extensive cultivation:
> the
> 5% of territory the US-backed Northern Alliance controlled [81]. When the
> Taliban stamped out opium farming, the Northern Alliance tripled their
> region's yield. Ex-CIA analyst Melvin Goodman explains [82] in his 2008
> book, Failure of Intelligence [83], that the CIA teamed with "the Tajik-led
> Northern Alliance" to assault the Taliban after the 9/11 attacks--and before
> them, when agents "deployed teams to the Panjshir Valley of northern
> Afghanistan to meet with various tribal warlords, particularly with Ahmed
> Shah Masood, the head of the Northern Alliance." At this time, Steve Coll
> writes [84] in his 2004 book, Ghost Wars [85], "the CIA's Counter-Narcotics
> Center reported that Massoud's men continued to smuggle large amounts of
> opium and heroin into Europe." But Washington would never let a little drug
> running prevent it from pursuing its foreign policy aims.
> By 2005, Afghanistan was turning out [86] some 90% of the world's opium.
> And
> last spring, a report [87] by the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan
> Reconstruction found that Afghan opium farming occurs throughout the
> country
> at unprecedented levels. Opium poppies are now grown on well over 500,000
> acres there--a 36% increase over the 2012 figure. The same report also found
> that in-country drug use rose from 2009, when 1 million Afghans were
> drug-dependent, to 2012, when the total had risen to 1.3 million.
> The Afghan activist Malalai Joya summed up [88] the US legacy:
> "Afghanistan,
> after eight years of occupation, has become a world center for drugs. The
> drug lords are the only ones with power." It's a familiar scene, in other
> words--at least for those attuned to the reality of Washington's "drug war."
> [89]
>
> See more stories tagged with:
> cia [90],
> drugs [91],
> drug traffickers [92],
> Manuel Noriega [93]
> ________________________________________
> Source URL:
> http://www.alternet.org/drugs/meet-cias-10-favorite-drug-traffickers
> Links:
> [1] http://www.substance.com/
> [2] http://www.alternet.org/authors/nick-alexandrov
> [3] http://www.focusfeatures.com/kill_the_messenger
> [4]
> http://knizky.mahdi.cz/52_Alfred_McCoy___The_politics_of_heroin_in_Southeast
> _Asia.pdf
> [5] https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia
> [6]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=Vxx9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49&dq=the+Shan+Pl
> ateau+experienced+a+drug+boom,+and+so+did+the+Golden+Triangle+as+a+whole.++I
> n+the+late+1950s,+the+region+produced+about+700+tons+of+raw+opium+per+year,+
> or+roughly+50+percent+of+the+global+illicit+supply&hl=en&sa=X&ei
> =sfsoVIS6DsT9yQTUzoHICQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=%22Among%20the%2
> 0CIA%27s%22&f=false
> [7]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=FzWJ69ueMZQC&pg=PA79&dq=KMT+1920s+o
> pium+and+heroin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GPM7VPnSObDCsATvhoCoAg&ved=0CC
> gQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22caught%20smuggling%20opium%20and%20heroin%22&
> ;f=false
> [8]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=Bed0gQKn-ucC&pg=PA73&dq=%22in+a+rec
> ent+Kuomintang+Convention+in+Mexico+City+a+wide+solicitation+of+funds+for+th
> e+future+operation+of+the+opium+trade+was+noted%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei
> =ZfM7VPIIs5CxBNWFgfgB&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%20a%20recent
> %20Kuomintang%20Convention%20in%20Mexico%20City%20a%20wide%20solicitation%20
> of%20funds%20for%20the%20future%20operation%20of%20the%20opium%20trade%20was
> %20noted%22&f=false
> [9]
> https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22By+mid-1947%2C+acco
> rding+to+Douglas+Valentine%22&gws_rd=ssl
> [10]
> http://libertyparkusafd.org/lp/hancock/CD-ROMS/GlobalFederation%5CWorld%20Tr
> ade%20Federation%20-%20105%20-%20The%20War%20Business.html
> [11] http://www.amazon.com/War-Business-George-Thayer/dp/0671207059
> [12]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=s5qIj_h_PtkC&pg=PA215&dq=%22Li+Mi%2
> 2+%2B+%22Burma%22+%2B+%22opium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Fe47VKW3DO_gsASH
> jIKwDQ&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22the%20largest%20opium%20poppy%
> 20fields%20in%20Asia%22&f=false
> [13]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=s5qIj_h_PtkC&pg=PA215&dq=%22Li+Mi%2
> 2+%2B+%22Burma%22+%2B+%22opium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Fe47VKW3DO_gsASH
> jIKwDQ&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22pilots%20working%20for%20the%2
> 0CIA%20carried%20loads%20of%20Li%20Mi%E2%80%99s%20opium%20on%20their%20retur
> n%20flights%20to%20Bangkok%2C%20where%20it%20was%20delivered%20to%20General%
> 20Phao%20Siyanan%2C%20head%20of%20the%20Thai%20secret%20po
> [14]
> http://www.amazon.com/Whiteout-The-CIA-Drugs-Press/dp/1859842585/ref=sr_1_1?
> ie=UTF8&qid=1413215337&sr=8-1&keywords=whiteout+alexander+cockbu
> rn
> [15]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=Vxx9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49&dq=the+Shan+Pl
> ateau+experienced+a+drug+boom,+and+so+did+the+Golden+Triangle+as+a+whole.++I
> n+the+late+1950s,+the+region+produced+about+700+tons+of+raw+opium+per+year,+
> or+roughly+50+percent+of+the+global+illicit+supply&hl=en&sa=X&ei
> =sfsoVIS6DsT9yQTUzoHICQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=%22roughly%2050%
> 20percent%20of%20the%20global%20illicit%20supply%22&f=false
> [16]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=-fRsAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA191&dq=%22Li+Mi%2
> 2+%2B+%22Legion+of+Merit%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zfQ7VOTqCIfbsATJq4CAAQ
> &ved=0CCsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Li%20Mi%22%20%2B%20%22Legion%20of%20
> Merit%22&f=false
> [17]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=DBkPkRPmIA0C&pg=PA107&dq=%22Phao%22
> +%2B+%22Li+Mi%22+%2B+%22Burma%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mxI8VOGYDJPnsASOu
> oGgAw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22to%20GMD%20commander%20Li%20Mi%
> 20for%20an%20invasion%22&f=false
> [18]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=ALp3JfHefG8C&pg=PA134&dq=Phao+appoi
> nted+himself+secretary-general&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RQ48VIyBJc3bsASVq4L
> YDQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Phao%20used%20his%20years%20of%20
> service%22&f=false
> [19] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1947
> [20]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=ALp3JfHefG8C&pg=PA134&dq=Phao+appoi
> nted+himself+secretary-general&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RQ48VIyBJc3bsASVq4L
> YDQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22By%20the%20last%20half%20of%20195
> 0%22&f=false
> [21]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=agBFqu_an6oC&pg=PT59&dq=Phao+CIA+Au
> gust+1950&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zA48VOWRGq_fsAS8ioCoCw&ved=0CB8Q6AEw
> AA#v=onepage&q=%22In%20August%201950%22&f=false
> [22]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=agBFqu_an6oC&pg=PT59&dq=Phao+CIA+Au
> gust+1950&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zA48VOWRGq_fsAS8ioCoCw&ved=0CB8Q6AEw
> AA#v=snippet&q=%22At%20one%20point%2C%20close%20to%20300%20CIA%20advisor
> s%22&f=false
> [23] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/455113/Phao-Sriyanond
> [24]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=O0R3uO1d9u4C&pg=PA115&dq=%22Phao%22
> +%2B+%221960%22+%2B+%22Geneva%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sA88VJr-HveCsQS5u
> 4DIBg&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22assassination%20and%20murder%22
> &f=false
> [25]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=6f0CMvP203wC&pg=PA125&dq=Phao+used+
> his+control+of+the+local+opium+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9Q88VMPaIbHms
> ASsrYKgCg&ved=0CCQQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22used%20his%20control%20of%2
> 0the%20local%20opium%20trade%22&f=false
> [26]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=agBFqu_an6oC&pg=PT105&dq=Phao+polic
> e+facilities+opium+business&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JxA8VPXTF8b7sATLsIGYAw
> &ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Phao%20Siyanon%20used%20police%20fac
> ilities%20for%20his%20opium%20business%22&f=false
> [27]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=NwtqxB0GYLwC&pg=PA23&dq=%22Thailand
> +itself+became+the+centre+of+the+global+heroin+trade%22&hl=en&sa=X&a
> mp;ei=xRA8VOOCI6zfsASN3oDgDQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22became%2
> 0the%20biggest%20opium-smuggling%20syndicate%20in%20the%20country%2C%20while
> %20Thailand%20itself%20became%20the%20centre%20of%20the%20global%20heroin%20
> trade%22&f=false
> [28]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=6f0CMvP203wC&pg=PA125&dq=%22additio
> nal+revenues+to+replace+the+money+lost%22+%2B+%22Thailand%22&hl=en&s
> a=X&ei=QRI8VLq8DIuSsQT6mIDQCg&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22it%
> 20could%20not%20find%20additional%20revenues%20to%20replace%20the%20money%20
> lost%20from%20opium%20taxes%22&f=false
> [29]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=O0R3uO1d9u4C&pg=PA115&dq=Phao+Genev
> a+1957+heart+attack&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eBI8VLy6BfHCsASu_YHoBQ&ved
> =0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22died%20suddenly%20from%20a%20heart%20attack%
> 22&f=false
> [30]
> http://www.amazon.com/Politics-Heroin-Complicity-Global-Trade/dp/1556524838/
> ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1413226854&sr=1-1&keywords=Th
> e+Politics+of+Heroin
> [31]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=OQayAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&
> ;dq=%22%E2%80%9Cunleashed+a+full+military+assault+on+the+opium+trade%22&
> source=bl&ots=IwX3TRX6Vi&sig=jxjJTiyxHvNYCzhhuDGgyL0RmAU&hl=en&a
> mp;sa=X&ei=nSE8VOOnKeLksASYhoKoBw&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%2
> 2%E2%80%9Cunleashed%20a%20full%20military%20assault%20on%20the%20opium%20tra
> de%22&f=false
> [32]
> https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22that+would+soon+bec
> ome+opium+centers+and+CIA+bases%22&gws_rd=ssl#safe=off&hl=en&tbm
> =bks&q=%22that+would+soon+become+opium+centers+and+CIA+bases%22+%2B+%22D
> rugs%2C+Oil+and+War%22
> [33]
> http://www.amazon.com/Drugs-Oil-War-Afghanistan-Indochina/dp/0742525228
> [34]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=Vxx9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&dq=%22Ouane+Ra
> ttikone,+a+valuable+asset%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=De4oVJ7yNIOFyQTXmoCYD
> Q&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Ouane%20Rattikone%2C%20a%20valuable
> %20asset%22&f=false
> [35]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=HXGzAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT322&dq=Rattikone+
> could+not+entirely+redress&hl=en&sa=X&ei=be4oVOmsHZKayASR3IGABg&
> amp;ved=0CCAQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=Rattikone%20could%20not%20entirely%20red
> ress&f=false
> [36]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=V1rjd3cBI84C&pg=PR25&dq=%22the+Ital
> ian+American+Mafia+was+given+a+free+hand%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZvIoVL
> PaKcKqyATmw4D4BQ&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22the%20Italian%20Amer
> ican%20Mafia%20was%20given%20a%20free%20hand%22&f=false
> [37] http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/03/cuba.duncancampbell2
> [38]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=E2oT7RxPRZ8C&pg=PA202&dq=%22Cuba%22
> +%2B+%22Jose+Miguel+Battle%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9kE8VNrLLMiPsQSQloLo
> Bw&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22cocaine%2C%20heroin%20and%20mariju
> ana%22&f=false
> [39]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=jgCpxTpPCPcC&pg=PA36&dq=%22enforcer
> %22+%2B+%22Jose+Miguel+Battle%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Xkw8VJSPPPOIsQSgg
> 4Eg&ved=0CCAQ6wEwAA#v=snippet&q=%22%2445%20million%20a%20year%20in%2
> 0illegal%20gambling%22&f=false
> [40]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=jgCpxTpPCPcC&pg=PA36&dq=%22enforcer
> %22+%2B+%22Jose+Miguel+Battle%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Xkw8VJSPPPOIsQSgg
> 4Eg&ved=0CCAQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22kill%20the%20people%20and%20burn%
> 20down%20their%20stores%22&f=false
> [41]
> http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-08-07/news/0708060809_1_mr-battle-cu
> ban-mob-gambling-operation
> [42]
> http://www.substance.com/meet-the-cias-10-favorite-drug-traffickers/13896/ho
> meless
> [43]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=KZ5QnZ99u24C&pg=PA271&dq=Matta+24.5
> +Dulles&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fewoVLO4BZKRyASGiICgAg&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA
> #v=onepage&q=Matta%2024.5%20Dulles&f=false
> [44]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=vgthWZ5KlskC&pg=PA55&dq=Matta+1973+
> DEA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ouwoVIHzA9egyASKs4KYDQ&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=o
> nepage&q=Matta%201973%20DEA&f=false
> [45]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=vgthWZ5KlskC&pg=PA55&dq=Matta+half+
> a+billion&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3uwoVM3nFYP6yASR6oCACw&ved=0CB8Q6AEw
> AA#v=onepage&q=Matta%20half%20a%20billion&f=false
> [46]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=s5qIj_h_PtkC&pg=PA281&dq=%22SETCO%2
> 2+%2B+%22CIA%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=c2U8VPHXGrT-sASz14CoDw&ved=0CF
> sQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22for%20its%20history%20of%20drug%20running%22&
> ;f=false%22
> [47]
> http://www.substance.com/meet-the-cias-10-favorite-drug-traffickers/13896/un
> derstood
> [48]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=QAaDz1HB978C&pg=PA432&dq=Matta+Ball
> esteros+Camarena+1988&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CWc8VLD5F5eLsQSQqID4Dw&v
> ed=0CCAQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22tortured%2C%20interrogated%20and%20finally
> %20killed%22&f=false
> [49]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=QAaDz1HB978C&pg=PA432&dq=Matta+Ball
> esteros+Camarena+1988&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CWc8VLD5F5eLsQSQqID4Dw&v
> ed=0CCAQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22forcibly%20abducted%22&f=false
> [50]
> http://www.latribuna.hn/2014/08/01/aseguran-12-propiedades-de-ramon-matta-ba
> llesteros/
> [51]
> http://www.substance.com/meet-the-cias-10-favorite-drug-traffickers/13896/we
> nt%2520beyond
> [52]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=vgthWZ5KlskC&pg=PA41&dq=%22Felix+Ga
> llardo%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=anM8VOZ2quCwBO3dgrAN&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg
> #v=snippet&q=%22four%20tons%22&f=false
> [53]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=vgthWZ5KlskC&pg=PA41&dq=%22Felix+Ga
> llardo%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=anM8VOZ2quCwBO3dgrAN&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg
> #v=snippet&q=%22a%20big%20supporter%22&f=false
> [54]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=vgthWZ5KlskC&pg=PA41&dq=%22Felix+Ga
> llardo%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=anM8VOZ2quCwBO3dgrAN&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg
> #v=onepage&q=%22rounding%20up%20other%20traffickers%22&f=false
> [55]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=Cl3PBdLfUEYC&pg=PA34&dq=%22Sinaloa,
> +the+cradle+of+the+majority%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wvcoVIi8OsWWyASA34G
> ADw&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Sinaloa%2C%20the%20cradle%20of%20
> the%20majority%22&f=false
> [56]
> http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-busch/drug-war-mexico-a-convers_b_2346
> 612.html
> [57]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=4O1AElNqAZYC&pg=PA145&dq=Cold+War+a
> lly+Mexico&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fPgoVOupM46ryASX0ID4BQ&ved=0CCMQ6AE
> wAQ#v=onepage&q=Cold%20War%20ally%20Mexico&f=false
> [58]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=s5qIj_h_PtkC&pg=PA351&dq=%22DFS%22+
> %2B+%27Mexico%22+%2B+%22CIA%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PXQ8VKmtOYLmsATckoC
> ADQ&ved=0CFQQ6wEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22the%20CIA%20protected%20the%20DFS
> %20for%20decades%22&f=false
> [59]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=eyYEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=%22Felix+Ga
> llardo%22+%2B+%22Altiplano%22+%2B+1989&hl=en&sa=X&ei=B3U8VJ_8EvX
> fsAS9gYGoDg&ved=0CDQQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22forty-year%20sentence%22&
> amp;f=false
> [60]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=jAzNQGZ0AV4C&pg=PA206&dq=Manuel+Nor
> iega+1968+CIA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=O-YoVPiIGI-KyAS1yIBI&ved=0CCcQ6w
> EwAA#v=onepage&q=Manuel%20Noriega%201968%20CIA&f=false
> [61]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=LwDSnMem3GIC&pg=PA141&dq=Noriega+Wi
> lliam+Casey+1981+Langley&hl=en&sa=X&ei=n-YoVKmVBIapyASH94CgCQ&am
> p;ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Noriega%20William%20Casey%201981%20Langley
> &f=false
> [62]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=LwDSnMem3GIC&pg=PA142&dq=Noriega+Ho
> ward+Air+Force+Base+Marcy&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_-YoVOyVFYSfyQS06YKIBw&a
> mp;ved=0CCwQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=Noriega%20Howard%20Air%20Force%20Base%20M
> arcy&f=false
> [63]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=LwDSnMem3GIC&pg=PA144&dq=Noriega+19
> 78+Birch+Bayh&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ROcoVIP_BoWqyQTVnYHwBQ&ved=0CCAQ
> 6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=Noriega%201978%20Birch%20Bayh&f=false
> [64]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=s5qIj_h_PtkC&pg=PA286&dq=Noriega+Se
> ymour+Hersh+1985&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jucoVKqZFsaSyATChIDIBA&ved=0C
> CAQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=Noriega%20Seymour%20Hersh%201985&f=false
> [65]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=jAzNQGZ0AV4C&pg=PA206&dq=%22Hersh+w
> rote+in+the+New+York+Times%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7-coVPDBGMqeyATBvICg
> Bg&ved=0CDEQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Hersh%20wrote%20in%20the%20New%20Y
> ork%20Times%22&f=false
> [66]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=LwDSnMem3GIC&pg=PA144&dq=Jesse+Helm
> s+Marcy&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KugoVJzMH473yQTgxYKwAQ&ved=0CCAQ6wEwAA
> #v=onepage&q=Jesse%20Helms%20Marcy&f=false
> [67]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=jAzNQGZ0AV4C&pg=PA206&dq=Noriega+sh
> aring+intelligence+with+Fidel+Castro&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qugoVPyvMIe8y
> QTlwYHAAQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Noriega%20sharing%20intelligen
> ce%20with%20Fidel%20Castro&f=false
> [68]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=LwDSnMem3GIC&pg=PA145&dq=Noriega+fe
> d+information&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2egoVKpIzLLIBNutgdAD&ved=0CCQQ6A
> EwAQ#v=onepage&q=Noriega%20fed%20information&f=false
> [69]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=kW3P9uf-jRYC&pg=PA182&dq=Javier+A.+
> Galvan+Panama&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W-koVJDFK5G2yASC8oGgAw&ved=0CB0Q
> 6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=several%20city%20blocks%20of%20mainly%20slums&f=f
> alse
> [70]
> http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2014/07/17/former-panamanian-dictator-manuel-nor
> iega-sues-over-depiction-in-call-duty-game/
> [71]
> http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/13/colombia_calls_a_draw_in_th
> e_war_on_drugs
> [72]
> http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/05/did-colombia-war-drugs-suc
> ceed-201452264737690753.html
> [73]
> http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/04/20114813392621189.html
> [74]
> https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Comparatively+little+is+known+of+the+CIA%
> E2%80%99s+role+in+Colombia%22&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org
> .mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=sb#q=%22Comparative
> ly+little+is+known+of+the+CIA%E2%80%99s+role+in+Colombia%22&safe=off&
> ;rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=sb&tbm=bks
> [75]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=OYGsJTjZLOQC&pg=PA3&dq=%22a+U.S.+De
> fense+Department+and+Central+Intelligence+Agency+%28CIA%29+team+worked+with+
> Colombian+military+officers+on+the+1991+intelligence+reorganization+that+res
> ulted+in+the+creation+of+killer+networks+that+identified+and+killed+civilian
> s+suspected+of+supporting+guerrillas%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Slw8VOerLY
> PksASZt4HIAw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22a%20U.S.%20Defense%20Dep
> artment%20and%20Central%20Intelligence%20Agency%20%28CIA%29%20team%20worked%
> 20with%20Colombian%20military%20officers%20on%20the%201991%20intelligence%20
> reorganization%20that%20resulted%20in%20the%20creation%20of%20ki
> [76] http://www.chomsky.info/onchomsky/200310--02.pdf
> [77]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=YTbZ9NnqZIEC&pg=PA223&lpg=PA223&
> ;dq=%22the+cost+of+cocaine+production+will+decrease%22&source=bl&ots
> =S0mXENNhlc&sig=UZTpvrC088xyeD5mfbP0u5jcr6k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hv
> YoVJq8BcSmyASX-oCwCg&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22the%20cost%20of%
> 20cocaine%20production%20will%20decrease%22&f=false
> [78]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=-fRsAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=Taliban+ban
> ned+opium+2000&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6O4oVKKxM4SsyQS-nYKIBQ&ved=0CEE
> Q6wEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Taliban%20banned%20opium%202000&f=false
> [79]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=tn4VjNjr1oIC&pg=PA143&dq=Taliban+%2
> 2to+enforce+this+edict%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eu8oVL_uCsegyAS_koKQDg&a
> mp;ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Taliban%20%22to%20enforce%20this%20edict%
> 22&f=false
> [80]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=BOfC7vJOsdIC&pg=PA100&dq=Taliban+3,
> 300+tons&hl=en&sa=X&ei=S_AoVLDdD8uXyATB8YFQ&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#
> v=onepage&q=Taliban%203%2C300%20tons&f=false
> [81]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=OQayAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&dq=%22Norther
> n+Alliance+had+only+controlled+less+than+5+%25%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=
> XfEoVOWvHNa1yASxrYBY&ved=0CB4Q6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Northern%20Allia
> nce%20had%20only%20controlled%20less%20than%205%20%25%22&f=false
> [82]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=TYc-vuU9Jl4C&pg=PA38&dq=%22the+Taji
> k-led+Northern+Alliance%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VYU8VJHKPLDfsAT3l4GQCA&
> amp;ved=0CCwQ6wEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22the%20Tajik-led%20Northern%20Alliance
> %22&f=false
> [83]
> http://www.amazon.com/Failure-Intelligence-Decline-Fall-CIA-ebook/dp/B004C43
> ZIO/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1413252838&sr=8-1&keywords=Failure+of
> +Intelligence+Melvin+Goodman
> [84]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=TRqGp_psEg0C&pg=PA524&dq=%22the+CIA
> %E2%80%99s+Counter-Narcotics+Center+reported+that+Massoud%E2%80%99s+men+cont
> inued+to+smuggle+large+amounts+of+opium+and+heroin+into+Europe%22&hl=en&
> amp;sa=X&ei=OYQ8VJKcM7CZsQTR_oCACA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%
> 22the%20CIA%E2%80%99s%20Counter-Narcotics%20Center%20reported%20that%20Masso
> ud%E2%80%99s%20men%20continued%20to%20smuggle%20large%20amounts%20of%20opium
> %20and%20heroin%20into%20Europe%22&f=false
> [85]
> http://www.amazon.com/Ghost-Wars-Afghanistan-Invasion-September/dp/159420007
> 6/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1413252856&sr=8-2&keywords=Ghost+Wars
> [86]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=tn4VjNjr1oIC&pg=PA143&dq=Poppy+prod
> uction+soared+to+new,+unprecedented+levels&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JPIoVKj
> 7A5SBygT8-4CoCQ&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Poppy%20production%20soa
> red%20to%20new%2C%20unprecedented%20levels&f=false
> [87] http://www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/2014-04-30qr.pdf
> [88]
> http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/20091102_opium_rape_and_the_american_way
> /P100
> [89] mailto:corrections@alternet.org?Subject=Typo on Meet the CIA's 10
> Favorite Drug Traffickers
> [90] http://www.alternet.org/tags/cia-0
> [91] http://www.alternet.org/tags/drugs-0
> [92] http://www.alternet.org/tags/drug-traffickers
> [93] http://www.alternet.org/tags/manuel-noriega
> [94] http://www.alternet.org/%2Bnew_src%2B
>
> Published on Alternet (http://www.alternet.org)
> Home > Meet the CIA's 10 Favorite Drug Traffickers
>
> Substance.com [1] / By Nick Alexandrov [2]
>
> Meet the CIA's 10 Favorite Drug Traffickers
> October 14, 2014 |
> Attacking drug cartels. Dismantling organized crime. US officials argue
> that
> these are two of the core objectives driving Washington's foreign policy.
> But the record of US conduct abroad since World War II tells a different
> story. Around the world, Washington has consistently backed prolific drug
> smugglers, provided these groups advance US governmental interests.
> Justifications for this support have morphed over the years--it was
> anti-Communism during the Cold War, anti-terrorism today--but these
> rationalizations mask a consistent set of policy outcomes.
> The Central Intelligence Agency, created in 1947, oversaw the distribution
> of many of the billions the US spread around. This paper trail was
> clandestine, its secrecy justified by supposed national security concerns.
> But the reality was that the CIA's aims aligned easily with brutal figures
> worldwide. Public awareness of its feats would have embarrassed the agency.
> One result is that huge drug syndicates have emerged; another is that
> countries have transformed into major drug producers. Because drugs are
> illegal, traffickers use some of their ill-gotten riches to pay law
> enforcement to look the other way, if not get in on the action. Corruption
> and criminality corrode governments. Civilians suffer.
> Is expanded drug smuggling the real "drug war" legacy? That's one question
> the just-released, much-praised film Kill the Messenger [3], about San Jose
> Mercury News reporter Gary Webb (played by Jeremy Renner), asks. Webb
> unearthed ties linking the CIA-backed Nicaraguan contras to top drug barons
> bringing cocaine into the US. And that's the question posed by this list of
> 10 of the CIA's most favored drug traffickers, from World War II to the
> present.
> The 1940s
> Don Calogero Vizzini (Sicilian Mafia)
> The Sicilian Mafia was decimated [4] by the start of World War II.
> Mussolini's repression left it clinging to strongholds in Sicily.
> The Allied occupation reversed this decline. The CIA's precursor, the US
> Office of Strategic Services (OSS), teamed [4] with organized crime during
> the July 1943 invasion of Sicily. That was when the US Army appointed Don
> Calogero Vizzini, a local Mafia boss, mayor of Villalba. He was certain his
> US ties gave him impunity, so he murdered [4] the local intrusive police
> chief. The US installed mayors like Vizzini throughout western Sicily, as
> the US-Mafia partnership persisted.
> Italy's Communist Party was gaining power as the war ended, and social
> reforms would have eroded Mafia power. Both Washington and the crime bosses
> intended [4] to crush the Italian left.
> In 1946, while the Mafia was rebuilding, the US freed [4] top gangster
> Lucky
> Luciano from his New York prison, deporting him to Italy. He contacted his
> friend Vizzini upon arrival, and the two helped construct an enormous drug
> trafficking network. Law enforcement did not interfere with the project.
> Morphine base arrived from the Middle East and was made into heroin at a
> Palermo laboratory Vizzini ran--which fronted as a candy factory--then
> shipped
> [4] to the US.
> The number of addicts there was near 20,000 at the war's conclusion. In
> 1952, two years before Vizzini died, it was 60,000. Heroin dependence
> plagued 150,000 US citizens by 1965.
> The 1950s and 1960s
> Li Mi (Kuomintang Party, China)
> The CIA formed [5] in 1947. Its first allies included [6] members of Chiang
> Kai-Shek's Chinese Nationalist (Kuomintang, or KMT) Party, which Mao kicked
> out of mainland China in 1949. KMT members were already seasoned drug
> smugglers, having brought [7] opium and heroin into the US in the 1920s.
> Among the KMT's key North American contacts were Chinese residents of
> Mexico. The DEA's predecessor, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, observed
> [8]
> in 1946 that "in a recent Kuomintang Convention in Mexico City a wide
> solicitation of funds for the future operation of the opium trade was
> noted." This future apparently was secured, as KMT opium continued [9]
> entering the US from Mexico in 1947.
> Mao's victory came two years later. In its wake, some 12,000 KMT troops
> under General Li Mi fled to Burma. Journalist George Thayer writes [10] in
> his 1970 book, The War Business [11], that "the CIA saw these troops as a
> thorn in Mao's side and continued to supply them with arms and money," even
> as Li's forces secured [12] control of Asia's largest opium poppy fields.
> Reporters Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair explain [13], in their
> 1998 book, Whiteout [14], that "pilots working for the CIA carried loads of
> Li Mi's opium on their return flights to Bangkok, where it was delivered to
> General Phao [Sriyanond, see below], head of the Thai secret police and a
> longtime CIA asset." By the late 1950s, the region--known as the Golden
> Triangle--produced about half [15] of the world's annual raw opium output.
> Washington awarded [16] Li Mi the US Legion of Merit in 1946. He died in
> Taipei in March 1973.
> Phao Sriyanonda (Thailand)
> CIA-employed pilots carried Li Mi's opium from Burma to Police General Phao
> Sriyanond in Bangkok, who later funneled weapons to Li Mi to aid a planned
> invasion [17] of southern China. This elite Thai cop appointed [18] himself
> head of the police department in the aftermath of a 1947 military coup
> [19].
> He then fortified [20] his organization to the point where it rivaled the
> military by late 1950.
> The CIA played a crucial role in this transformation. In August 1950, an
> agency team traveled [21] to Bangkok where--with approval from the US State
> and Defense Departments--it worked out a deal to equip and train a Thai
> paramilitary force. US intelligence officials created a front entity, the
> Southeast Asia (SEA) Supply Company, as a cover for this operation. Soon
> [22] some 300 CIA advisers were on the SEA Supply payroll. A few years
> later, from 1952 to 1953, the Thai police oversaw [23] a harsh series of
> political purges. Generally Phao was seen [24] as a merciless ruler who
> wouldn't hesitate murder opponents, if doing so would help him advance.
> And opium money fueled [25] Phao's rise to power throughout this period. He
> used [26] police facilities for his drug smuggling, and employed a personal
> army of law enforcement officers. The Thai police became the country's
> biggest opium-smuggling syndicate during the 1950s, as Thailand secured
> [27]
> its position as a key player in heroin trafficking worldwide. The country
> relied so heavily on drug trafficking that when Thai officials proposed a
> ban on opium sales and use in 1956, the government balked, claiming [28] it
> wouldn't be able to find revenue sources to replace the lost funds.
> Phao fled to Geneva after a 1957 coup. He died [29] there three years
> later.
> Ouane Rattikone (Laos)
> After some initial hesitation, Thailand did set to eradicating drug
> smuggling within its borders. In his 1972 study, The Politics of Heroin
> [30], Alfred W. McCoy writes [31] that Thailand "unleashed a full military
> assault on the opium trade" in 1959. This crackdown coincided with the
> relocation, under pressure, of KMT forces from Burma to towns in
> northwestern Laos "that would soon become opium centers and CIA bases,"
> Peter Dale Scott explains [32] in his 2003 book, Drugs, Oil & War [33].
> US intelligence officials put down deeper roots in Laos in the 1960s. From
> 1960 to 1974, for example, they trained [34] an army of 30,000 Hmong
> tribesmen who battled the native Pathet Lao Communists and guarded radar
> sites the US used in its North Vietnam bombing runs. The Hmong also grew
> opium for cash.
> In 1965, General Ouane Rattikone became head of the military government in
> Laos, and trie [34]d to take over this local opium trade. He dispatched his
> troops in 1967 to secure KMT trafficking routes into Laos, and shut down
> the
> Corsicans who had flown opium out of the region on their own airlines.
> But Laos couldn't [35] furnish enough aircraft in the Corsicans' absence.
> The CIA filled this void, lending Hmong traffickers its own Air America
> planes so they could shift opium from rural villages to heroin labs in Laos
> or South Vietnam.
> The 1960s and 1970s
> José Miguel Battle, Sr. (The Corporation, Cuban Exiles)
> Fulgencio Batista's Cuba was an organized crime paradise. While he ruled,
> the Italian-American Mafia ran [36] casinos and brothels, paying off
> government officials and cops to secure a loyal client base. José Miguel
> Battle, Sr., was one such policeman, and also served in Batista's army.
> Fidel Castro ruined [36] this system when he toppled Batista on January 1,
> 1959. The gangsters and their Cuban affiliates fled the country, aiding
> Washington's early campaigns to overturn the revolution. The CIA recruited
> Battle to play a key role in the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion.
> But this campaign failed--as did the well-known [37] Mafia-aided attempt to
> murder Castro. Cuban exiles therefore had to adapt [36] to life in the US.
> Battle and his associates formed La Compañía--the Corporation--basing it in
> Miami, but operating in California, Nevada, New Jersey New York and
> elsewhere in the US. The gang imported [38] cocaine, heroin and marijuana
> en
> route to becoming [39] a $45-million-a-year illicit gambling collective. It
> firebombed its way to power, torching [40] competitors' homes and
> businesses.
> By the early '80s, Battle was ready for a quieter life, and retired [41] to
> a 30-acre ranch in the South Miami-Dade area. US officials arrested him for
> racketeering in March 2004, sentencing him in January 2007 to 20 years. He
> was out on $1 million bond when he died the following August after
> struggling with liver failure and cardiac problems.
> The 1970s and 1980s
> Juan Ramón Matta-Ballesteros (Honduras)
> Juan Ramón Matta Ballesteros grew up [42] in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, trying
> to survive as a homeless child--and determined to change his fortune. Drug
> smuggling was one available escape. Matta pursued it, and as a young man,
> in
> 1970, US officials arrested [43] him in Dulles Airport for possessing 24.5
> kilograms of cocaine.
> He escaped from prison and got back into trafficking. The DEA elected not
> to
> move in on him in 1973. Two years later Matta had reached the rank of
> go-between for Colombian and Mexican organizations moving cocaine into the
> US. With Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, the kingpin of Mexico's Guadalajara
> group--the term "cartel" wasn't used much at the time--he became a top coke
> pusher [44], shifting the drug from Peru to Mexico.
> He also moved [45] $500 million in US-bound cocaine through Honduras each
> year. And with the proceeds, he financed a 1978 coup that installed General
> Policarpo Paz Garcia as the Honduran president. By that point, the
> Sandinista uprising in Nicaragua--along the south Honduran border--was well
> underway. It culminated in the overthrow of the US-allied Somoza
> dictatorship in 1979.
> Washington responded by organizing anti-Sandinista forces--the Contras--along
> the Honduran border. Coke barons like Matta and Mexico's Félix Gallardo
> helped fund this campaign to restore Somoza to power. In 1983, for example,
> Matta's airline, SETCO, was the main transporter bringing guns and food to
> the Contras. The CIA awarded SETCO its contract even after the DEA and US
> Customs highlighted [46] it as a trafficking enterprise.
> And there was more evidence the DEA understood [47] the situation. Its
> agent
> in Honduras, Thomas Zepeda, researched the scene and concluded that the
> Honduran military was in on Matta's drug running. But this was an
> inconvenient truth. So in 1983 the DEA pulled Zepeda from the country, and
> closed its Tegucigalpa office.
> Another DEA agent, Enrique Camarena, met a darker fate. He was kidnapped,
> tortured and murdered [48] in 1985 while on assignment in Mexico--and Matta
> was one of the killing's suspected masterminds. US and Honduran forces
> raided [49] Matta's Tegucigalpa home three years later, extraditing him to
> the US. Last May marked [50] his 26th year in federal prison in the US.
> Miguel Angel Félix Gallardo (Guadalajara Group, Mexico)
> Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo went beyond [51] what earlier Mexican drug
> traffickers had dreamed possible. He started as a local cop in Sinaloa in
> the 1960s, climbing the ranks to become his governor's bodyguard. By 1978
> he
> was head of the Guadalajara group, a trafficking organization that
> dominated
> Mexico's Pacific coast.
> Like Matta, Félix Gallardo exploited his power at the time of the
> Nicaraguan
> Revolution to try to roll back the Sandinistas. When he wasn't pushing [52]
> four tons of cocaine per month into the US, he was proving the extent to
> which he was, as his pilot Werner Lotz put it [53], "a big supporter" of
> the
> Contras. Félix Gallardo once handed Lotz $150,000 to give to the CIA-backed
> Nicaraguan forces. On other occasions he bragged of how many guns he had
> sold them, or of how he had rallied [54] his Mexican colleagues to the
> cause.
> If this generosity made him a valuable CIA asset, Mexico's Federal Security
> Directorate--a kind of hybrid CIA-FBI--had to be thanked for helping him
> realize his drug-running ambitions. In 1947, when Mexico's drug trade was
> still small-scale and concentrated [55] in Sinaloa, Washington had
> encouraged [56] its southern neighbor to organize an intelligence agency.
> When the DFS formed, it began not only protecting smugglers--for a cut of
> the
> proceeds--but helping them expand their operations. It gave [56] traffickers
> fake DFS badges, for example, so they could operate free of legal
> harassment. Early signs of today's monstrous cartels can be detected during
> this period, throughout which the US and Mexican governments remained [57]
> firm Cold War allies, as the CIA worked closely [58] with the DFS.
> Félix Gallardo was another kingpin implicated in Enrique Camarena's 1985
> murder. He was arrested in 1989, and is currently doing 40 years [59] in
> "Altiplano," a Mexican maximum-security prison.
> Manuel Noriega (Panama)
> Panama's Manuel Noriega got on the CIA payroll in 1968. US intelligence
> officials discovered [60] his drug trafficking ties in 1972. In 1981, CIA
> director William Casey invited Noriega to CIA headquarters in Langley,
> Virginia. Their discussion was productive, amicable--the start of what
> Noriega termed [61] his "cozier relationship" with Washington.
> This partnership lasted for much of the '80s, when Noriega became military
> dictator, dominating Panama. Noriega ran weapons to the Nicaraguan contras
> as they worked to ruin the Sandinistas, and Panama transformed [62] its
> Howard Air Force Base into a Contra training camp. This loyalty to
> Washington's aims was what mattered to US officials. If Noriega remained
> obedient, he could keep moving drugs without any problems. His US allies
> would look away.
> And they had to--evidence against Noriega kept surfacing. Senator Birch Bayh
> told Congress in 1978 he had information tying Noriega to Panamanian drug
> trafficking. The House Foreign Affairs Committee concluded [63], in 1985,
> that the dictator had poured funds into a narcotics lab on his country's
> Colombian border. Then Seymour Hersh published [64] a New York Times story
> the following June. The piece sketched [65] an ugly portrait: Noriega
> laundered money for guerrillas and drug kingpins, and smuggled drugs
> himself. Senator Jesse Helms appeared on Meet the Press soon after and
> confirmed [66] the charges.
> These accusations didn't undermine Washington-Panama cooperation. What did
> was Noriega's disobedience--he passed [67] information [68] on the Contras
> to
> Cuba, for instance. So he had to be punished. President Bush, the former
> CIA
> director, attacked Panama in December 1989. The stated aim was to hold
> Noriega accountable for drug trafficking. "Operation Just Cause" [69]
> leveled city blocks in a Panama City slum and killed its residents, who
> were
> dumped in a mass grave before the US military burned their remains--an
> effort
> to torch the evidence of Washington's cynical campaign.
> Noriega served [70] 15 years of a 30-year sentence in the US for drug
> trafficking. He is now serving a 20-year sentence for murder in Panama.
> The 1990s to the present
> Carlos Castaño (Colombian Paramilitaries)
> Colombia is a major drug war front [71], and some consider [72]
> Washington's
> "Plan Colombia" a success. But US interests there align [73] with
> paramilitary aims. And these groups--right-wing, heavily armed--have a record
> of deep complicity in drug trafficking.
> "Comparatively little is known of the CIA's role in Colombia," Peter Dale
> Scott writes [74] in Drugs, Oil & War. It is known, however, that the CIA
> taught terror tactics to Colombian police officers in the 1960s. And Human
> Rights Watch described [75] how "a US Defense Department and CIA team
> worked
> with Colombian military officers on the 1991 intelligence reorganization
> that resulted in the creation of killer networks that identified and killed
> civilians suspected of supporting guerrillas."
> In 1993, Carlos Castaño, head of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
> (AUC, in its Spanish acronym)--the main paramilitary entity--teamed with
> Colombian authorities and the CIA to topple Colombian kingpin Pablo
> Escobar.
> Castaño estimated [76] before his 2004 assassination that 70% of his
> funding
> derived from drug smuggling, and the DEA agreed. Its former deputy
> administrator, James Milford, cited Castaño's links to the North Valle
> cartel and concluded [76] that the paramilitary leader was a "major cocaine
> trafficker in his own right." Another DEA official, Donnie Marshall,
> explained [76] that the paramilitaries "raise funds through extortion, or
> by
> protecting laboratory operations in northern and central Colombia," and
> that
> they "appear to be directly involved in processing cocaine. At least one of
> these paramilitary groups appears to be involved in exporting cocaine from
> Colombia."
> But the US targets the FARC guerillas--the enemies of paramilitary groups.
> The guerrillas aren't traffickers. They work with coca growers, currently
> mediating between small producers and cocaine processors. Garry Leech, a
> reporter with extensive experience in Colombia, points out [77] that the
> FARC pays higher prices than the paramilitaries for coca paste. He suggests
> that Washington's policy, by empowering outfits like the AUC, will lower
> cocaine production costs, meaning that "the street price of cocaine in US
> cities will most likely remain unchanged or, if anything, decrease."
> Another
> drug war "victory."
> The 2000s to the present
> Ahmed Shah Masood (Northern Alliance, Afghanistan)
> Drug prohibitionists could have seen their preferred policies pursued to an
> extreme in Afghanistan nearly 15 years ago. The Taliban banned [78] opium
> production there in 2000, well before the US invaded after 9/11. Taliban
> militias destroyed [79] heroin labs and imprisoned thousands of farmers to
> force the population's compliance. The results [80] were dramatic. Some
> 3,300 tons of opium were harvested in 2000, but that figure plummeted to 35
> tons a year later.
> In 2001, only one region in the country continued extensive cultivation:
> the
> 5% of territory the US-backed Northern Alliance controlled [81]. When the
> Taliban stamped out opium farming, the Northern Alliance tripled their
> region's yield. Ex-CIA analyst Melvin Goodman explains [82] in his 2008
> book, Failure of Intelligence [83], that the CIA teamed with "the Tajik-led
> Northern Alliance" to assault the Taliban after the 9/11 attacks--and before
> them, when agents "deployed teams to the Panjshir Valley of northern
> Afghanistan to meet with various tribal warlords, particularly with Ahmed
> Shah Masood, the head of the Northern Alliance." At this time, Steve Coll
> writes [84] in his 2004 book, Ghost Wars [85], "the CIA's Counter-Narcotics
> Center reported that Massoud's men continued to smuggle large amounts of
> opium and heroin into Europe." But Washington would never let a little drug
> running prevent it from pursuing its foreign policy aims.
> By 2005, Afghanistan was turning out [86] some 90% of the world's opium.
> And
> last spring, a report [87] by the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan
> Reconstruction found that Afghan opium farming occurs throughout the
> country
> at unprecedented levels. Opium poppies are now grown on well over 500,000
> acres there--a 36% increase over the 2012 figure. The same report also found
> that in-country drug use rose from 2009, when 1 million Afghans were
> drug-dependent, to 2012, when the total had risen to 1.3 million.
> The Afghan activist Malalai Joya summed up [88] the US legacy:
> "Afghanistan,
> after eight years of occupation, has become a world center for drugs. The
> drug lords are the only ones with power." It's a familiar scene, in other
> words--at least for those attuned to the reality of Washington's "drug war."
> mailto:corrections@alternet.org?Subject=Typo on Meet the CIA's 10 Favorite
> Drug Traffickers mailto:corrections@alternet.org?Subject=Typo on Meet the
> CIA's 10 Favorite Drug Traffickers[89]
> See more stories tagged with:
> cia [90],
> drugs [91],
> drug traffickers [92],
> Manuel Noriega [93]
>
> Source URL:
> http://www.alternet.org/drugs/meet-cias-10-favorite-drug-traffickers
> Links:
> [1] http://www.substance.com/
> [2] http://www.alternet.org/authors/nick-alexandrov
> [3] http://www.focusfeatures.com/kill_the_messenger
> [4]
> http://knizky.mahdi.cz/52_Alfred_McCoy___The_politics_of_heroin_in_Southeast
> _Asia.pdf
> [5] https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia
> [6]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=Vxx9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49&dq=the+Shan+Pl
> ateau+experienced+a+drug+boom,+and+so+did+the+Golden+Triangle+as+a+whole.++I
> n+the+late+1950s,+the+region+produced+about+700+tons+of+raw+opium+per+year,+
> or+roughly+50+percent+of+the+global+illicit+supply&hl=en&sa=X&ei
> =sfsoVIS6DsT9yQTUzoHICQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=%22Among%20the%2
> 0CIA%27s%22&f=false
> [7]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=FzWJ69ueMZQC&pg=PA79&dq=KMT+1920s+o
> pium+and+heroin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GPM7VPnSObDCsATvhoCoAg&ved=0CC
> gQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22caught%20smuggling%20opium%20and%20heroin%22&
> ;f=false
> [8]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=Bed0gQKn-ucC&pg=PA73&dq=%22in+a+rec
> ent+Kuomintang+Convention+in+Mexico+City+a+wide+solicitation+of+funds+for+th
> e+future+operation+of+the+opium+trade+was+noted%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei
> =ZfM7VPIIs5CxBNWFgfgB&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%20a%20recent
> %20Kuomintang%20Convention%20in%20Mexico%20City%20a%20wide%20solicitation%20
> of%20funds%20for%20the%20future%20operation%20of%20the%20opium%20trade%20was
> %20noted%22&f=false
> [9]
> https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22By+mid-1947%2C+acco
> rding+to+Douglas+Valentine%22&gws_rd=ssl
> [10]
> http://libertyparkusafd.org/lp/hancock/CD-ROMS/GlobalFederation%5CWorld%20Tr
> ade%20Federation%20-%20105%20-%20The%20War%20Business.html
> [11] http://www.amazon.com/War-Business-George-Thayer/dp/0671207059
> [12]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=s5qIj_h_PtkC&pg=PA215&dq=%22Li+Mi%2
> 2+%2B+%22Burma%22+%2B+%22opium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Fe47VKW3DO_gsASH
> jIKwDQ&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22the%20largest%20opium%20poppy%
> 20fields%20in%20Asia%22&f=false
> [13]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=s5qIj_h_PtkC&pg=PA215&dq=%22Li+Mi%2
> 2+%2B+%22Burma%22+%2B+%22opium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Fe47VKW3DO_gsASH
> jIKwDQ&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22pilots%20working%20for%20the%2
> 0CIA%20carried%20loads%20of%20Li%20Mi%E2%80%99s%20opium%20on%20their%20retur
> n%20flights%20to%20Bangkok%2C%20where%20it%20was%20delivered%20to%20General%
> 20Phao%20Siyanan%2C%20head%20of%20the%20Thai%20secret%20po
> [14]
> http://www.amazon.com/Whiteout-The-CIA-Drugs-Press/dp/1859842585/ref=sr_1_1?
> ie=UTF8&qid=1413215337&sr=8-1&keywords=whiteout+alexander+cockbu
> rn
> [15]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=Vxx9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49&dq=the+Shan+Pl
> ateau+experienced+a+drug+boom,+and+so+did+the+Golden+Triangle+as+a+whole.++I
> n+the+late+1950s,+the+region+produced+about+700+tons+of+raw+opium+per+year,+
> or+roughly+50+percent+of+the+global+illicit+supply&hl=en&sa=X&ei
> =sfsoVIS6DsT9yQTUzoHICQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=%22roughly%2050%
> 20percent%20of%20the%20global%20illicit%20supply%22&f=false
> [16]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=-fRsAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA191&dq=%22Li+Mi%2
> 2+%2B+%22Legion+of+Merit%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zfQ7VOTqCIfbsATJq4CAAQ
> &ved=0CCsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Li%20Mi%22%20%2B%20%22Legion%20of%20
> Merit%22&f=false
> [17]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=DBkPkRPmIA0C&pg=PA107&dq=%22Phao%22
> +%2B+%22Li+Mi%22+%2B+%22Burma%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mxI8VOGYDJPnsASOu
> oGgAw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22to%20GMD%20commander%20Li%20Mi%
> 20for%20an%20invasion%22&f=false
> [18]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=ALp3JfHefG8C&pg=PA134&dq=Phao+appoi
> nted+himself+secretary-general&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RQ48VIyBJc3bsASVq4L
> YDQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Phao%20used%20his%20years%20of%20
> service%22&f=false
> [19] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1947
> [20]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=ALp3JfHefG8C&pg=PA134&dq=Phao+appoi
> nted+himself+secretary-general&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RQ48VIyBJc3bsASVq4L
> YDQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22By%20the%20last%20half%20of%20195
> 0%22&f=false
> [21]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=agBFqu_an6oC&pg=PT59&dq=Phao+CIA+Au
> gust+1950&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zA48VOWRGq_fsAS8ioCoCw&ved=0CB8Q6AEw
> AA#v=onepage&q=%22In%20August%201950%22&f=false
> [22]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=agBFqu_an6oC&pg=PT59&dq=Phao+CIA+Au
> gust+1950&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zA48VOWRGq_fsAS8ioCoCw&ved=0CB8Q6AEw
> AA#v=snippet&q=%22At%20one%20point%2C%20close%20to%20300%20CIA%20advisor
> s%22&f=false
> [23] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/455113/Phao-Sriyanond
> [24]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=O0R3uO1d9u4C&pg=PA115&dq=%22Phao%22
> +%2B+%221960%22+%2B+%22Geneva%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sA88VJr-HveCsQS5u
> 4DIBg&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22assassination%20and%20murder%22
> &f=false
> [25]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=6f0CMvP203wC&pg=PA125&dq=Phao+used+
> his+control+of+the+local+opium+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9Q88VMPaIbHms
> ASsrYKgCg&ved=0CCQQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22used%20his%20control%20of%2
> 0the%20local%20opium%20trade%22&f=false
> [26]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=agBFqu_an6oC&pg=PT105&dq=Phao+polic
> e+facilities+opium+business&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JxA8VPXTF8b7sATLsIGYAw
> &ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Phao%20Siyanon%20used%20police%20fac
> ilities%20for%20his%20opium%20business%22&f=false
> [27]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=NwtqxB0GYLwC&pg=PA23&dq=%22Thailand
> +itself+became+the+centre+of+the+global+heroin+trade%22&hl=en&sa=X&a
> mp;ei=xRA8VOOCI6zfsASN3oDgDQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22became%2
> 0the%20biggest%20opium-smuggling%20syndicate%20in%20the%20country%2C%20while
> %20Thailand%20itself%20became%20the%20centre%20of%20the%20global%20heroin%20
> trade%22&f=false
> [28]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=6f0CMvP203wC&pg=PA125&dq=%22additio
> nal+revenues+to+replace+the+money+lost%22+%2B+%22Thailand%22&hl=en&s
> a=X&ei=QRI8VLq8DIuSsQT6mIDQCg&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22it%
> 20could%20not%20find%20additional%20revenues%20to%20replace%20the%20money%20
> lost%20from%20opium%20taxes%22&f=false
> [29]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=O0R3uO1d9u4C&pg=PA115&dq=Phao+Genev
> a+1957+heart+attack&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eBI8VLy6BfHCsASu_YHoBQ&ved
> =0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22died%20suddenly%20from%20a%20heart%20attack%
> 22&f=false
> [30]
> http://www.amazon.com/Politics-Heroin-Complicity-Global-Trade/dp/1556524838/
> ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1413226854&sr=1-1&keywords=Th
> e+Politics+of+Heroin
> [31]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=OQayAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&
> ;dq=%22%E2%80%9Cunleashed+a+full+military+assault+on+the+opium+trade%22&
> source=bl&ots=IwX3TRX6Vi&sig=jxjJTiyxHvNYCzhhuDGgyL0RmAU&hl=en&a
> mp;sa=X&ei=nSE8VOOnKeLksASYhoKoBw&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%2
> 2%E2%80%9Cunleashed%20a%20full%20military%20assault%20on%20the%20opium%20tra
> de%22&f=false
> [32]
> https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22that+would+soon+bec
> ome+opium+centers+and+CIA+bases%22&gws_rd=ssl#safe=off&hl=en&tbm
> =bks&q=%22that+would+soon+become+opium+centers+and+CIA+bases%22+%2B+%22D
> rugs%2C+Oil+and+War%22
> [33]
> http://www.amazon.com/Drugs-Oil-War-Afghanistan-Indochina/dp/0742525228
> [34]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=Vxx9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&dq=%22Ouane+Ra
> ttikone,+a+valuable+asset%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=De4oVJ7yNIOFyQTXmoCYD
> Q&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Ouane%20Rattikone%2C%20a%20valuable
> %20asset%22&f=false
> [35]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=HXGzAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT322&dq=Rattikone+
> could+not+entirely+redress&hl=en&sa=X&ei=be4oVOmsHZKayASR3IGABg&
> amp;ved=0CCAQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=Rattikone%20could%20not%20entirely%20red
> ress&f=false
> [36]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=V1rjd3cBI84C&pg=PR25&dq=%22the+Ital
> ian+American+Mafia+was+given+a+free+hand%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZvIoVL
> PaKcKqyATmw4D4BQ&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22the%20Italian%20Amer
> ican%20Mafia%20was%20given%20a%20free%20hand%22&f=false
> [37] http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/03/cuba.duncancampbell2
> [38]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=E2oT7RxPRZ8C&pg=PA202&dq=%22Cuba%22
> +%2B+%22Jose+Miguel+Battle%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9kE8VNrLLMiPsQSQloLo
> Bw&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22cocaine%2C%20heroin%20and%20mariju
> ana%22&f=false
> [39]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=jgCpxTpPCPcC&pg=PA36&dq=%22enforcer
> %22+%2B+%22Jose+Miguel+Battle%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Xkw8VJSPPPOIsQSgg
> 4Eg&ved=0CCAQ6wEwAA#v=snippet&q=%22%2445%20million%20a%20year%20in%2
> 0illegal%20gambling%22&f=false
> [40]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=jgCpxTpPCPcC&pg=PA36&dq=%22enforcer
> %22+%2B+%22Jose+Miguel+Battle%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Xkw8VJSPPPOIsQSgg
> 4Eg&ved=0CCAQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22kill%20the%20people%20and%20burn%
> 20down%20their%20stores%22&f=false
> [41]
> http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-08-07/news/0708060809_1_mr-battle-cu
> ban-mob-gambling-operation
> [42]
> http://www.substance.com/meet-the-cias-10-favorite-drug-traffickers/13896/ho
> meless
> [43]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=KZ5QnZ99u24C&pg=PA271&dq=Matta+24.5
> +Dulles&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fewoVLO4BZKRyASGiICgAg&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA
> #v=onepage&q=Matta%2024.5%20Dulles&f=false
> [44]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=vgthWZ5KlskC&pg=PA55&dq=Matta+1973+
> DEA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ouwoVIHzA9egyASKs4KYDQ&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=o
> nepage&q=Matta%201973%20DEA&f=false
> [45]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=vgthWZ5KlskC&pg=PA55&dq=Matta+half+
> a+billion&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3uwoVM3nFYP6yASR6oCACw&ved=0CB8Q6AEw
> AA#v=onepage&q=Matta%20half%20a%20billion&f=false
> [46]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=s5qIj_h_PtkC&pg=PA281&dq=%22SETCO%2
> 2+%2B+%22CIA%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=c2U8VPHXGrT-sASz14CoDw&ved=0CF
> sQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22for%20its%20history%20of%20drug%20running%22&
> ;f=false%22
> [47]
> http://www.substance.com/meet-the-cias-10-favorite-drug-traffickers/13896/un
> derstood
> [48]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=QAaDz1HB978C&pg=PA432&dq=Matta+Ball
> esteros+Camarena+1988&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CWc8VLD5F5eLsQSQqID4Dw&v
> ed=0CCAQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22tortured%2C%20interrogated%20and%20finally
> %20killed%22&f=false
> [49]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=QAaDz1HB978C&pg=PA432&dq=Matta+Ball
> esteros+Camarena+1988&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CWc8VLD5F5eLsQSQqID4Dw&v
> ed=0CCAQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22forcibly%20abducted%22&f=false
> [50]
> http://www.latribuna.hn/2014/08/01/aseguran-12-propiedades-de-ramon-matta-ba
> llesteros/
> [51]
> http://www.substance.com/meet-the-cias-10-favorite-drug-traffickers/13896/we
> nt%2520beyond
> [52]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=vgthWZ5KlskC&pg=PA41&dq=%22Felix+Ga
> llardo%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=anM8VOZ2quCwBO3dgrAN&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg
> #v=snippet&q=%22four%20tons%22&f=false
> [53]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=vgthWZ5KlskC&pg=PA41&dq=%22Felix+Ga
> llardo%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=anM8VOZ2quCwBO3dgrAN&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg
> #v=snippet&q=%22a%20big%20supporter%22&f=false
> [54]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=vgthWZ5KlskC&pg=PA41&dq=%22Felix+Ga
> llardo%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=anM8VOZ2quCwBO3dgrAN&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg
> #v=onepage&q=%22rounding%20up%20other%20traffickers%22&f=false
> [55]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=Cl3PBdLfUEYC&pg=PA34&dq=%22Sinaloa,
> +the+cradle+of+the+majority%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wvcoVIi8OsWWyASA34G
> ADw&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Sinaloa%2C%20the%20cradle%20of%20
> the%20majority%22&f=false
> [56]
> http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-busch/drug-war-mexico-a-convers_b_2346
> 612.html
> [57]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=4O1AElNqAZYC&pg=PA145&dq=Cold+War+a
> lly+Mexico&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fPgoVOupM46ryASX0ID4BQ&ved=0CCMQ6AE
> wAQ#v=onepage&q=Cold%20War%20ally%20Mexico&f=false
> [58]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=s5qIj_h_PtkC&pg=PA351&dq=%22DFS%22+
> %2B+%27Mexico%22+%2B+%22CIA%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PXQ8VKmtOYLmsATckoC
> ADQ&ved=0CFQQ6wEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22the%20CIA%20protected%20the%20DFS
> %20for%20decades%22&f=false
> [59]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=eyYEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=%22Felix+Ga
> llardo%22+%2B+%22Altiplano%22+%2B+1989&hl=en&sa=X&ei=B3U8VJ_8EvX
> fsAS9gYGoDg&ved=0CDQQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22forty-year%20sentence%22&
> amp;f=false
> [60]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=jAzNQGZ0AV4C&pg=PA206&dq=Manuel+Nor
> iega+1968+CIA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=O-YoVPiIGI-KyAS1yIBI&ved=0CCcQ6w
> EwAA#v=onepage&q=Manuel%20Noriega%201968%20CIA&f=false
> [61]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=LwDSnMem3GIC&pg=PA141&dq=Noriega+Wi
> lliam+Casey+1981+Langley&hl=en&sa=X&ei=n-YoVKmVBIapyASH94CgCQ&am
> p;ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Noriega%20William%20Casey%201981%20Langley
> &f=false
> [62]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=LwDSnMem3GIC&pg=PA142&dq=Noriega+Ho
> ward+Air+Force+Base+Marcy&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_-YoVOyVFYSfyQS06YKIBw&a
> mp;ved=0CCwQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=Noriega%20Howard%20Air%20Force%20Base%20M
> arcy&f=false
> [63]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=LwDSnMem3GIC&pg=PA144&dq=Noriega+19
> 78+Birch+Bayh&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ROcoVIP_BoWqyQTVnYHwBQ&ved=0CCAQ
> 6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=Noriega%201978%20Birch%20Bayh&f=false
> [64]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=s5qIj_h_PtkC&pg=PA286&dq=Noriega+Se
> ymour+Hersh+1985&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jucoVKqZFsaSyATChIDIBA&ved=0C
> CAQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=Noriega%20Seymour%20Hersh%201985&f=false
> [65]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=jAzNQGZ0AV4C&pg=PA206&dq=%22Hersh+w
> rote+in+the+New+York+Times%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7-coVPDBGMqeyATBvICg
> Bg&ved=0CDEQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Hersh%20wrote%20in%20the%20New%20Y
> ork%20Times%22&f=false
> [66]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=LwDSnMem3GIC&pg=PA144&dq=Jesse+Helm
> s+Marcy&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KugoVJzMH473yQTgxYKwAQ&ved=0CCAQ6wEwAA
> #v=onepage&q=Jesse%20Helms%20Marcy&f=false
> [67]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=jAzNQGZ0AV4C&pg=PA206&dq=Noriega+sh
> aring+intelligence+with+Fidel+Castro&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qugoVPyvMIe8y
> QTlwYHAAQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Noriega%20sharing%20intelligen
> ce%20with%20Fidel%20Castro&f=false
> [68]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=LwDSnMem3GIC&pg=PA145&dq=Noriega+fe
> d+information&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2egoVKpIzLLIBNutgdAD&ved=0CCQQ6A
> EwAQ#v=onepage&q=Noriega%20fed%20information&f=false
> [69]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=kW3P9uf-jRYC&pg=PA182&dq=Javier+A.+
> Galvan+Panama&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W-koVJDFK5G2yASC8oGgAw&ved=0CB0Q
> 6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=several%20city%20blocks%20of%20mainly%20slums&f=f
> alse
> [70]
> http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2014/07/17/former-panamanian-dictator-manuel-nor
> iega-sues-over-depiction-in-call-duty-game/
> [71]
> http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/13/colombia_calls_a_draw_in_th
> e_war_on_drugs
> [72]
> http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/05/did-colombia-war-drugs-suc
> ceed-201452264737690753.html
> [73]
> http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/04/20114813392621189.html
> [74]
> https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Comparatively+little+is+known+of+the+CIA%
> E2%80%99s+role+in+Colombia%22&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org
> .mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=sb#q=%22Comparative
> ly+little+is+known+of+the+CIA%E2%80%99s+role+in+Colombia%22&safe=off&
> ;rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=sb&tbm=bks
> [75]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=OYGsJTjZLOQC&pg=PA3&dq=%22a+U.S.+De
> fense+Department+and+Central+Intelligence+Agency+%28CIA%29+team+worked+with+
> Colombian+military+officers+on+the+1991+intelligence+reorganization+that+res
> ulted+in+the+creation+of+killer+networks+that+identified+and+killed+civilian
> s+suspected+of+supporting+guerrillas%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Slw8VOerLY
> PksASZt4HIAw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22a%20U.S.%20Defense%20Dep
> artment%20and%20Central%20Intelligence%20Agency%20%28CIA%29%20team%20worked%
> 20with%20Colombian%20military%20officers%20on%20the%201991%20intelligence%20
> reorganization%20that%20resulted%20in%20the%20creation%20of%20ki
> [76] http://www.chomsky.info/onchomsky/200310--02.pdf
> [77]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=YTbZ9NnqZIEC&pg=PA223&lpg=PA223&
> ;dq=%22the+cost+of+cocaine+production+will+decrease%22&source=bl&ots
> =S0mXENNhlc&sig=UZTpvrC088xyeD5mfbP0u5jcr6k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hv
> YoVJq8BcSmyASX-oCwCg&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22the%20cost%20of%
> 20cocaine%20production%20will%20decrease%22&f=false
> [78]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=-fRsAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=Taliban+ban
> ned+opium+2000&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6O4oVKKxM4SsyQS-nYKIBQ&ved=0CEE
> Q6wEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Taliban%20banned%20opium%202000&f=false
> [79]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=tn4VjNjr1oIC&pg=PA143&dq=Taliban+%2
> 2to+enforce+this+edict%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eu8oVL_uCsegyAS_koKQDg&a
> mp;ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Taliban%20%22to%20enforce%20this%20edict%
> 22&f=false
> [80]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=BOfC7vJOsdIC&pg=PA100&dq=Taliban+3,
> 300+tons&hl=en&sa=X&ei=S_AoVLDdD8uXyATB8YFQ&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#
> v=onepage&q=Taliban%203%2C300%20tons&f=false
> [81]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=OQayAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&dq=%22Norther
> n+Alliance+had+only+controlled+less+than+5+%25%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=
> XfEoVOWvHNa1yASxrYBY&ved=0CB4Q6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Northern%20Allia
> nce%20had%20only%20controlled%20less%20than%205%20%25%22&f=false
> [82]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=TYc-vuU9Jl4C&pg=PA38&dq=%22the+Taji
> k-led+Northern+Alliance%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VYU8VJHKPLDfsAT3l4GQCA&
> amp;ved=0CCwQ6wEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22the%20Tajik-led%20Northern%20Alliance
> %22&f=false
> [83]
> http://www.amazon.com/Failure-Intelligence-Decline-Fall-CIA-ebook/dp/B004C43
> ZIO/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1413252838&sr=8-1&keywords=Failure+of
> +Intelligence+Melvin+Goodman
> [84]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=TRqGp_psEg0C&pg=PA524&dq=%22the+CIA
> %E2%80%99s+Counter-Narcotics+Center+reported+that+Massoud%E2%80%99s+men+cont
> inued+to+smuggle+large+amounts+of+opium+and+heroin+into+Europe%22&hl=en&
> amp;sa=X&ei=OYQ8VJKcM7CZsQTR_oCACA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%
> 22the%20CIA%E2%80%99s%20Counter-Narcotics%20Center%20reported%20that%20Masso
> ud%E2%80%99s%20men%20continued%20to%20smuggle%20large%20amounts%20of%20opium
> %20and%20heroin%20into%20Europe%22&f=false
> [85]
> http://www.amazon.com/Ghost-Wars-Afghanistan-Invasion-September/dp/159420007
> 6/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1413252856&sr=8-2&keywords=Ghost+Wars
> [86]
> http://books.google.com/books?id=tn4VjNjr1oIC&pg=PA143&dq=Poppy+prod
> uction+soared+to+new,+unprecedented+levels&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JPIoVKj
> 7A5SBygT8-4CoCQ&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Poppy%20production%20soa
> red%20to%20new%2C%20unprecedented%20levels&f=false
> [87] http://www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/2014-04-30qr.pdf
> [88]
> http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/20091102_opium_rape_and_the_american_way
> /P100
> [89] mailto:corrections@alternet.org?Subject=Typo on Meet the CIA's 10
> Favorite Drug Traffickers
> [90] http://www.alternet.org/tags/cia-0
> [91] http://www.alternet.org/tags/drugs-0
> [92] http://www.alternet.org/tags/drug-traffickers
> [93] http://www.alternet.org/tags/manuel-noriega
> [94] http://www.alternet.org/%2Bnew_src%2B
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> Blind-Democracy mailing list
> Blind-Democracy@octothorp.org
> https://www.octothorp.org/mailman/listinfo/blind-democracy
>
No comments:
Post a Comment