Hey! Be careful there. First, although we're not related, Thomas Jefferson and I share the same birthday...different years.
Second. My great grandfather owned slaves. Four or five, if old family tales are true. But they had been "Freed" by the time Grandma Jarvis was hatched in 1874. I'd have to check the family Bible to see if Great Grandpa Hickman was born in 1834 or 1837. But he did have a small plantation somewhere in Missouri. I think he was the last semi affluent member of the family. My great grandmother was Sarah Davis before she married Tom Hickman. Her father was an elder brother of one Jefferson Davis, first, last and only President of the confederacy.
These folks were all Believers, Southern Baptists or Presbyterians. Two of Grandma's brothers were well regarded preachers.
Dad and I became the Black Sheep, embracing Radicalism. He did so at a much earlier age than I. For me, it took several years of trying to fit into the mind set of Christianity before embracing Agnosticism.
Oh yes, before I close, let me introduce you to Uncle Johnny, my grandma Jarvis' brother-in-law. He was an elder in his Baptist church on Sunday's and wore a white sheet on Friday and Saturday nights. Did I mention that he was also the county sheriff ?
Carl Jarvis
----- Original Message -----From: Mike EdwardsTo: Pia ; Frank VenturaSent: Sunday, June 24, 2012 5:21 PMSubject: Re: [acb-chat] constitutionAnd, our wonderful, moral, slave-owning forefathers. Who was it, Jefferson,
who got one of his slaves pregnant. Boy, what a pillar of morality.
----- Original Message -----
From: "Pia" <pmikeal@comcast.net>
To: "Frank Ventura" <frank.ventura@littlebreezes.com>
Cc: "General discussion list for ACB members and friends where a
widerangeoftopics from blindness to politics,issues of the day or whatever
comes to mindare welcome. This is afreeform discussion list."
<acb-chat@acb.org>
Sent: Sunday, June 24, 2012 1:57 PM
Subject: Re: [acb-chat] constitution
> That would be Goddess then and not God. God is male in gender.
>
> On Sun, 24 Jun 2012, Frank Ventura wrote:
>
>> Would Mother Earth not be a proper noun?
>> Frank
>>
>> -----Original Message-----
>> From: alice dampman humel [mailto:alicedh@verizon.net]
>> Sent: Sunday, June 24, 2012 8:55 AM
>> To: Frank Ventura; Ashley Bramlett
>> Cc: Pia; General discussion list for ACB members and friends where a
>> widerange oftopics from blindness to politics, issues of the day or
>> whatever comes to mindare welcome. This is afree form discussion list.
>> Subject: Re: [acb-chat] constitution
>>
>> Interesting idea, but if we can believe the transcription of the document
>> (Declaration of Independence, that is), then Creator is actually
>> capitalized, so it might be a bit of a stretch to equate the term with
>> the land, the soil.
>> alicedh@verizon.net
>> ----- Original Message -----
>> From: "Frank Ventura" <frank.ventura@littlebreezes.com>
>> To: "Ashley Bramlett" <bookwormahb@earthlink.net>
>> Cc: "alice dampman humel" <alicedh@verizon.net>; "Pia"
>> <pmikeal@comcast.net>; "General discussion list for ACB members and
>> friends where a widerange oftopics from blindness to politics, issues of
>> the day or whatever comes to mindare welcome.
>> This is afree form discussion list." <acb-chat@acb.org>
>> Sent: Sunday, June 24, 2012 5:48 AM
>> Subject: Re: [acb-chat] constitution
>>
>>
>> Ashley, most of the founding fathers were deitists, not modern day
>> christians, that is why they used the generic creator; which at the time
>> was understood as the land since all life started in the soil and
>> eventually ended in the soil. This was another clever reference to only
>> land owners being endowed with unalienable rights.
>> Frank
>> On Jun 23, 2012, at 8:02 PM, Ashley Bramlett wrote:
>>
>>> It does not mention religion directly. It does say creator though in
>>> the declaration of independence; meaning the creator of us gave us
>>> unalienable rights. Christians wrote the document so creator equals
>>> God. As far as I can tell the constitution and bill of rights do not
>>> allude to religion though.
>>> Now that Pia gave us all three documents, I'll read them and double
>>> check. I did not do a word search because that isn't always accurate.
>>> Its been a while since I was in school and read these.
>>>
>>> -----Original Message-----
>>> From: alice dampman humel
>>> Sent: Saturday, June 23, 2012 7:44 PM
>>> To: Pia
>>> Cc: General discussion list for ACB members and friends where a
>>> widerange oftopics from blindness to politics,issues of the day or
>>> whatever comes to mindare welcome. This is afree form discussion list.
>>> Subject: Re: [acb-chat] constitution
>>>
>>> oh, my, there's that word "ignorant" again...
>>> I only conducted the quick word search to demonstrate that there is no
>>> mention of Christian, neither religion nor principles in the
>>> Constitution, the Bill of Rights or the Declaration of Independence.
>>>
>>> And, FYI, I've read all of them and also all the amendments, although
>>> I do have trouble keeping the numbers of the amendments straight.
>>> And my comment about wikipedia was just a little gallows humor, not an
>>> argument...these discussions are a lot less tense if we can all laugh
>>> at ourselves a tiny bit once in a while...
>>> alicedh@verizon.net
>>> ----- Original Message -----
>>> From: "Pia" <pmikeal@comcast.net>
>>> To: "alice dampman humel" <alicedh@verizon.net>
>>> Cc: "Pia" <pmikeal@comcast.net>; "General discussion list for ACB
>>> members and friends where a widerange of topics from blindness to
>>> politics, issues of the day or whatever comes to mind are welcome.
>>> This is afree form discussion list."
>>> <acb-chat@acb.org>
>>> Sent: Saturday, June 23, 2012 7:19 PM
>>> Subject: Re: [acb-chat] constitution
>>>
>>>
>>> A, show me were people are denied land ownership, I do not see it
>>> anywhere. B, word searches are ignorant as I already mentioned that
>>> buzz words are not provided for the lazy, but rather you actually have
>>> to read and comprehend the text. C, wikipedia may or may not be
>>> reliable on a case by case basis, but in this case, the word for word
>>> text is totally accurate if you cross reference it with government
>>> archives you will see that is the case. I just chose wikipedia for
>>> that first post because it was formatted in the most blind friendly
>>> way I found. Making such silly side arguments as wikipedia not being
>>> a perfect reference shows you just want to fight instead of dig into
>>> the source text to see if your statements have any foundation or not.
>>> I refuse to discuss further with anyone not willing to actually read
>>> the text they are debating about because we are in different leagues
>>> until you read it. Read it, the whole thing, and then we can talk
>>> further.
>>>
>>> On Sat, 23 Jun 2012, alice dampman humel wrote:
>>>
>>>> wikipedia, that ultimately reliable source...
>>>> Well, I did a word search for the word "Christ," the root of the word
>>>> Christian, Christianity, and, surprise, surprise, it's not
>>>> there...not once.
>>>> I also searched for "capital," the root of capitalist, capitalism,
>>>> and, ditto, it's not there.
>>>> I got the same search results in the Bill of Rights, except "capital"
>>>> does show up in the context of capital crime.
>>>> And, three for three, neither word found in the Declaration of
>>>> Independence, either.
>>>> As for property rights, read those laws carefully, too, because there
>>>> were many, many people who were denied the right of property
>>>> ownership of any kind, not to mention the vote.
>>>> alicedh@verizon.net
>>>> ----- Original Message -----
>>>> From: "Pia" <pmikeal@comcast.net>
>>>> To: <acb-chat@acb.org>
>>>> Sent: Saturday, June 23, 2012 5:07 PM
>>>> Subject: [acb-chat] constitution
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Here is the original text of the Constitution of the United States of
>>>> America as found on Wikipedia.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Constitution of the United States of America
>>>>
>>>> Constitution of the United States by the Federal Convention of 1787
>>>>
>>>> 1787
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> * 1 Preamble
>>>> * 2 Article. I.
>>>> + 2.1 Section. 1.
>>>> + 2.2 Section. 2.
>>>> + 2.3 Section. 3.
>>>> + 2.4 Section. 4.
>>>> + 2.5 Section. 5.
>>>> + 2.6 Section. 6.
>>>> + 2.7 Section. 7.
>>>> + 2.8 Section. 8.
>>>> + 2.9 Section. 9.
>>>> + 2.10 Section. 10.
>>>> * 3 Article. II.
>>>> + 3.1 Section. 1.
>>>> + 3.2 Section. 2.
>>>> + 3.3 Section. 3.
>>>> + 3.4 Section. 4.
>>>> * 4 Article. III.
>>>> + 4.1 Section. 1.
>>>> + 4.2 Section. 2.
>>>> + 4.3 Section. 3.
>>>> * 5 Article. IV.
>>>> + 5.1 Section. 1.
>>>> + 5.2 Section. 2.
>>>> + 5.3 Section. 3.
>>>> + 5.4 Section. 4.
>>>> * 6 Article. V.
>>>> * 7 Article. VI.
>>>> * 8 Article. VII.
>>>> * 9 Signatures
>>>>
>>>> Preamble
>>>>
>>>> We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more
>>>> perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic
>>>> Tranquility,
>>>> provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare,
>>>> and
>>>> secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our
>>>> Posterity,
>>>> do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United
>>>> States
>>>> of America.
>>>>
>>>> Article. I.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 1.
>>>> All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a
>>>> Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a
>>>> Senate
>>>> and House of Representatives.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 2.
>>>> The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members
>>>> chosen
>>>> every second Year by the People of the several States, and
>>>> the
>>>> Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications
>>>> requisite
>>>> for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State
>>>> Legislature.
>>>>
>>>> No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have
>>>> attained
>>>> to the age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a
>>>> Citizen
>>>> of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an
>>>> Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
>>>>
>>>> Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among
>>>> the
>>>> several States which may be included within this Union,
>>>> according to their respective Numbers, which shall be
>>>> determined
>>>> by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including
>>>> those
>>>> bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians
>>>> not
>>>> taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual
>>>> Enumeration
>>>> shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of
>>>> the
>>>> Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent
>>>> Term
>>>> of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct.
>>>> The
>>>> Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every
>>>> thirty
>>>> Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one
>>>> Representative;
>>>> and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New
>>>> Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts
>>>> eight,
>>>> Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut
>>>> five,
>>>> New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware
>>>> one,
>>>> Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South
>>>> Carolina
>>>> five, and Georgia three.
>>>>
>>>> When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State,
>>>> the
>>>> Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to
>>>> fill such Vacancies.
>>>>
>>>> The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and
>>>> other
>>>> Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 3.
>>>> The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
>>>> Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof,
>>>> for
>>>> six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.
>>>>
>>>> Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of
>>>> the
>>>> first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be
>>>> into
>>>> three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class
>>>> shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of
>>>> the
>>>> second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of
>>>> the
>>>> third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one
>>>> third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies
>>>> happen
>>>> by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the
>>>> Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make
>>>> temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the
>>>> Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.
>>>>
>>>> No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to
>>>> the
>>>> Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the
>>>> United
>>>> States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of
>>>> that State for which he shall be chosen.
>>>>
>>>> The Vice President of the United States shall be President
>>>> of
>>>> the Senate but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally
>>>> divided.
>>>>
>>>> The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a
>>>> President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President,
>>>> or
>>>> when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United
>>>> States.
>>>>
>>>> The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all
>>>> Impeachments.
>>>> When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or
>>>> Affirmation. When the President of the United States is
>>>> tried
>>>> the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be
>>>> convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the
>>>> Members
>>>> present.
>>>>
>>>> Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further
>>>> than
>>>> to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and
>>>> enjoy
>>>> any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United
>>>> States:
>>>> but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and
>>>> subject
>>>> to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to
>>>> Law.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 4.
>>>> The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for
>>>> Senators
>>>> and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by
>>>> the
>>>> Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law
>>>> make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of
>>>> chusing Senators.
>>>>
>>>> The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and
>>>> such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,
>>>> unless
>>>> they shall by Law appoint a different Day.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 5.
>>>> Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and
>>>> Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each
>>>> shall
>>>> constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may
>>>> adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the
>>>> Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such
>>>> Penalties as each House may provide.
>>>>
>>>> Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings,
>>>> punish
>>>> its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the
>>>> Concurrence
>>>> of two thirds, expel a Member.
>>>>
>>>> Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from
>>>> time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may
>>>> in
>>>> their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the
>>>> Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire
>>>> of
>>>> one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.
>>>>
>>>> Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall,
>>>> without
>>>> the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days,
>>>> nor
>>>> to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall
>>>> be
>>>> sitting.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 6.
>>>> The Senators and Representatives shall receive a
>>>> Compensation
>>>> for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out
>>>> of
>>>> the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases,
>>>> except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be
>>>> privileged
>>>> from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their
>>>> respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the
>>>> same;
>>>> and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not
>>>> be
>>>> questioned in any other Place.
>>>>
>>>> No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for
>>>> which he
>>>> was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the
>>>> Authority of the United States, which shall have been
>>>> created,
>>>> or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during
>>>> such
>>>> time; and no Person holding any Office under the United
>>>> States,
>>>> shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in
>>>> Office.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 7.
>>>> All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House
>>>> of
>>>> Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with
>>>> amendments as on other Bills.
>>>>
>>>> Every Bill which shall have passed the House of
>>>> Representatives
>>>> and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented
>>>> to
>>>> the President of the United States: If he approve he shall
>>>> sign
>>>> it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to
>>>> that
>>>> House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the
>>>> Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to
>>>> reconsider
>>>> it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House
>>>> shall
>>>> agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the
>>>> Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise
>>>> be
>>>> reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House,
>>>> it
>>>> shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both
>>>> Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names
>>>> of
>>>> the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered
>>>> on
>>>> the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall
>>>> not be
>>>> returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays
>>>> excepted)
>>>> after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be
>>>> a
>>>> Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the
>>>> Congress
>>>> by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it
>>>> shall
>>>> not be a Law.
>>>>
>>>> Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of
>>>> the
>>>> Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except
>>>> on
>>>> a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the
>>>> President
>>>> of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect,
>>>> shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall
>>>> be
>>>> repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of
>>>> Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations
>>>> prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 8.
>>>> The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes,
>>>> Duties,
>>>> Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the
>>>> common
>>>> Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all
>>>> Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the
>>>> United States;
>>>>
>>>> To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
>>>>
>>>> To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the
>>>> several
>>>> States, and with the Indian Tribes;
>>>>
>>>> To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform
>>>> Laws
>>>> on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
>>>>
>>>> To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign
>>>> Coin,
>>>> and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
>>>>
>>>> To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the
>>>> Securities
>>>> and current Coin of the United States;
>>>>
>>>> To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
>>>>
>>>> To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by
>>>> securing
>>>> for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive
>>>> Right
>>>> to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
>>>>
>>>> To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
>>>>
>>>> To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the
>>>> high
>>>> Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;
>>>>
>>>> To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and
>>>> make
>>>> Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
>>>>
>>>> To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money
>>>> to
>>>> that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
>>>>
>>>> To provide and maintain a Navy;
>>>>
>>>> To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land
>>>> and
>>>> naval Forces;
>>>>
>>>> To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws
>>>> of
>>>> the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
>>>>
>>>> To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the
>>>> Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be
>>>> employed
>>>> in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States
>>>> respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the
>>>> Authority
>>>> of training the Militia according to the discipline
>>>> prescribed
>>>> by Congress;
>>>>
>>>> To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever,
>>>> over
>>>> such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by
>>>> Cession of Particular States, and the Acceptance of
>>>> Congress,
>>>> become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and
>>>> to
>>>> exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the
>>>> Consent
>>>> of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be,
>>>> for
>>>> the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards and
>>>> other
>>>> needful Buildings;-And
>>>>
>>>> To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for
>>>> carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers and all other
>>>> Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the
>>>> United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 9.
>>>> The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the
>>>> States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not
>>>> be
>>>> prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand
>>>> eight
>>>> hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such
>>>> Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
>>>>
>>>> The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be
>>>> suspended, unless when in Cases or Rebellion or Invasion the
>>>> public Safety may require it.
>>>>
>>>> No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
>>>>
>>>> No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in
>>>> Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before
>>>> directed
>>>> to be taken.
>>>>
>>>> No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any
>>>> State.
>>>>
>>>> No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce
>>>> or
>>>> Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of
>>>> another: nor
>>>> shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to
>>>> enter,
>>>> clear or pay Duties in another.
>>>>
>>>> No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in
>>>> Consequence of
>>>> Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and
>>>> Account
>>>> of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall
>>>> be
>>>> published from time to time.
>>>>
>>>> No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United
>>>> States: And
>>>> no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them,
>>>> shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any
>>>> present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever,
>>>> from
>>>> any King, Prince or foreign State.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 10.
>>>> No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or
>>>> Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin
>>>> Money;
>>>> emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver
>>>> Coin a
>>>> Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex
>>>> post
>>>> facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or
>>>> grant any Title of Nobility.
>>>>
>>>> No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any
>>>> Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be
>>>> absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection
>>>> Laws: and the
>>>> net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on
>>>> Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of
>>>> the
>>>> United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the
>>>> Revision and Controul of the Congress.
>>>>
>>>> No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any
>>>> Duty of
>>>> Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace,
>>>> enter
>>>> into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a
>>>> foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or
>>>> in
>>>> such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.
>>>>
>>>> Article. II.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 1.
>>>> The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the
>>>> United
>>>> States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term
>>>> of
>>>> four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen
>>>> for
>>>> the same Term, be elected, as follows:
>>>>
>>>> Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature
>>>> thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole
>>>> Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State
>>>> may be
>>>> entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative,
>>>> or
>>>> Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United
>>>> States, shall be appointed an Elector.
>>>>
>>>> The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote
>>>> by
>>>> Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an
>>>> Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall
>>>> make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number
>>>> of
>>>> Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and
>>>> transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United
>>>> States, directed to the President of the Senate. The
>>>> President
>>>> of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House
>>>> of
>>>> Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes
>>>> shall
>>>> then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of
>>>> Votes
>>>> shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the
>>>> whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more
>>>> than
>>>> one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of
>>>> Votes,
>>>> then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by
>>>> Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a
>>>> Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said
>>>> House
>>>> shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the
>>>> President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the
>>>> Representatives from each State having one Vote; a quorum
>>>> for
>>>> this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two
>>>> thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall
>>>> be
>>>> necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of
>>>> the
>>>> President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of
>>>> the
>>>> Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should
>>>> remain
>>>> two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse
>>>> from
>>>> them by Ballot the Vice President.
>>>>
>>>> The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors,
>>>> and
>>>> the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day
>>>> shall be
>>>> the same throughout the United States.
>>>>
>>>> No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the
>>>> United States, at the time of the Adoption of this
>>>> Constitution,
>>>> shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall
>>>> any
>>>> person be eligible to that Office who shall not have
>>>> attained to
>>>> the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a
>>>> Resident
>>>> within the United States.
>>>>
>>>> In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of
>>>> his
>>>> Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and
>>>> Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the
>>>> Vice
>>>> President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case
>>>> of
>>>> Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the
>>>> President
>>>> and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as
>>>> President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the
>>>> Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
>>>>
>>>> The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his
>>>> Services,
>>>> a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor
>>>> diminished
>>>> during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and
>>>> he
>>>> shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument
>>>> from
>>>> the United States, or any of them.
>>>>
>>>> Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall
>>>> take
>>>> the following Oath or Affirmation:-"I do solemnly swear (or
>>>> affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of
>>>> President
>>>> of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability,
>>>> preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United
>>>> States."
>>>>
>>>> Section. 2.
>>>> The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and
>>>> Navy
>>>> of the United States, and of the Militia of the several
>>>> States,
>>>> when called into the actual Service of the United States; he
>>>> may
>>>> require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in
>>>> each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating
>>>> to
>>>> the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have
>>>> Power
>>>> to Grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the
>>>> United
>>>> States, except in Cases of Impeachment.
>>>>
>>>> He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of
>>>> the
>>>> Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the
>>>> Senators
>>>> present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the
>>>> Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors,
>>>> other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme
>>>> Court,
>>>> and all other Officers of the United States, whose
>>>> Appointments
>>>> are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be
>>>> established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the
>>>> Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper,
>>>> in
>>>> the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads
>>>> of
>>>> Departments.
>>>>
>>>> The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that
>>>> may
>>>> happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting
>>>> Commissions
>>>> which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 3.
>>>> He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information
>>>> on
>>>> the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration
>>>> such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he
>>>> may,
>>>> on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either
>>>> of
>>>> them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect
>>>> to
>>>> the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as
>>>> he
>>>> shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other
>>>> public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be
>>>> faithfully
>>>> executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the
>>>> United
>>>> States.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 4.
>>>> The President, Vice President and all Civil Officers of the
>>>> United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment
>>>> for
>>>> and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes
>>>> and
>>>> Misdemeanors.
>>>>
>>>> Article. III.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 1.
>>>> The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in
>>>> one
>>>> supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress
>>>> may
>>>> from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of
>>>> the
>>>> supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during
>>>> good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for
>>>> their
>>>> Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished
>>>> during
>>>> their Continuance in Office.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 2.
>>>> The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and
>>>> Equity,
>>>> arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United
>>>> States,
>>>> and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their
>>>> Authority;-to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public
>>>> ministers and Consuls;-to all Cases of admiralty and
>>>> maritime
>>>> Jurisdiction;-to Controversies to which the United States
>>>> shall
>>>> be a Party;-to Controversies between two or more
>>>> States;-between
>>>> a State and Citizens of another State;-between Citizens of
>>>> different States;-between Citizens of the same State
>>>> claiming
>>>> Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State,
>>>> or
>>>> the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or
>>>> Subjects.
>>>>
>>>> In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers
>>>> and
>>>> Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the
>>>> supreme
>>>> Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other
>>>> Cases
>>>> before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate
>>>> Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions,
>>>> and
>>>> under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
>>>>
>>>> The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment,
>>>> shall
>>>> be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where
>>>> the
>>>> said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not
>>>> committed
>>>> within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places
>>>> as
>>>> the Congress may by Law have directed.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 3.
>>>> Treason against the United States, shall consist only in
>>>> levying
>>>> War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving
>>>> them
>>>> Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason
>>>> unless
>>>> on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or
>>>> on
>>>> Confession in open Court.
>>>>
>>>> The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of
>>>> Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption
>>>> of
>>>> Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person
>>>> attainted.
>>>>
>>>> Article. IV.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 1.
>>>> Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the
>>>> public
>>>> Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other
>>>> State.
>>>> And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in
>>>> which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved,
>>>> and
>>>> the Effect thereof.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 2.
>>>> The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
>>>> Privileges
>>>> and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.
>>>>
>>>> A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other
>>>> Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another
>>>> State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the
>>>> State
>>>> from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the
>>>> State
>>>> having Jurisdiction of the Crime.
>>>>
>>>> No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the
>>>> Laws
>>>> thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any
>>>> Law
>>>> or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or
>>>> Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to
>>>> whom
>>>> such Service or Labour may be due.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 3.
>>>> New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union;
>>>> but
>>>> no new State shall be formed or erected within the
>>>> Jurisdiction
>>>> of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction
>>>> of
>>>> two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent
>>>> of
>>>> the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the
>>>> Congress.
>>>>
>>>> The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all
>>>> needful
>>>> Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other
>>>> Property
>>>> belonging to the United States; and nothing in this
>>>> Constitution
>>>> shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the
>>>> United
>>>> States, or of any particular State.
>>>>
>>>> Section. 4.
>>>> The United States shall guarantee to every State in this
>>>> Union a
>>>> Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of
>>>> them
>>>> against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or
>>>> of
>>>> the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be
>>>> convened) against
>>>> domestic Violence.
>>>>
>>>> Article. V.
>>>>
>>>> The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem
>>>> it
>>>> necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution,
>>>> or, on
>>>> the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the
>>>> several
>>>> States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments,
>>>> which,
>>>> in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes,
>>>> as
>>>> Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures
>>>> of
>>>> three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in
>>>> three
>>>> fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of
>>>> Ratification
>>>> may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment
>>>> which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight
>>>> hundred
>>>> and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth
>>>> Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that
>>>> no
>>>> State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal
>>>> Suffrage in the Senate.
>>>>
>>>> Article. VI.
>>>>
>>>> All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before
>>>> the
>>>> Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the
>>>> United States under this Constitution, as under the
>>>> Confederation.
>>>>
>>>> This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which
>>>> shall
>>>> be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or
>>>> which
>>>> shall be made, under the Authority of the United States,
>>>> shall
>>>> be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every
>>>> State
>>>> shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or
>>>> Laws of
>>>> any state to the Contrary notwithstanding.
>>>>
>>>> The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the
>>>> Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive
>>>> and
>>>> judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the
>>>> several
>>>> States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support
>>>> this
>>>> Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required
>>>> as a
>>>> Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United
>>>> States.
>>>>
>>>> Article. VII.
>>>>
>>>> The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be
>>>> sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution
>>>> between
>>>> the States so ratifying the same.
>>>>
>>>> The Word, "the," being interlined between the seventh and eighth
>>>> Lines
>>>> of the first Page, The Word "Thirty" being partly written on an
>>>> Erazure
>>>> in the fifteenth Line of the first Page, The Words "is tried"
>>>> being
>>>> interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the
>>>> first Page and the Word "the" being interlined between the forty
>>>> third
>>>> and forty fourth Lines of the second Page.
>>>> Attest William Jackson Secretary
>>>> done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present
>>>> the
>>>> Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand
>>>> seven
>>>> hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independance of the United
>>>> States
>>>> of America the Twelfth In Witness whereof We have hereunto
>>>> subscribed
>>>> our Names,
>>>> G^o. Washington-Presid^t.
>>>> and deputy from Virginia
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Delaware \scriptstyle{ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \ \\ \\\
>>>> \\\ \
>>>> \end{matrix} \right. }
>>>> Geo: Read
>>>> Gunning Bedford
>>>> jun
>>>>
>>>> John
>>>> Dickinson
>>>>
>>>> Richard
>>>> Bassett
>>>>
>>>> Jaco:
>>>> Broom
>>>> Maryland \scriptstyle{ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \ \\ \\\ \
>>>> \end{matrix}
>>>> \right. } James
>>>> McHenry
>>>> Dan of S^t Tho^s
>>>> Jenifer
>>>>
>>>> Dan^l
>>>> Carroll
>>>> Virginia \scriptstyle{ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \ \\ \
>>>> \end{matrix}
>>>> \right. } John
>>>> Blair-
>>>> James Madison
>>>> Jr.
>>>> North Carolina \scriptstyle{ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \ \\
>>>> \\\ \
>>>> \end{matrix} \right. } W^m
>>>> Blount
>>>> Rich^d Dobbs
>>>> Spaight
>>>> Hu
>>>> Williamson
>>>> South Carolina \scriptstyle{ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \ \\
>>>> \\\ \
>>>> \end{matrix} \right. } J.
>>>> Rutledge
>>>> Charles Cotesworth
>>>> Pinckney
>>>>
>>>> Charles
>>>> Pinckney
>>>>
>>>> Pierce
>>>> Butler
>>>> Georgia \scriptstyle{ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \ \\ \
>>>> \end{matrix}
>>>> \right. } William
>>>> Few
>>>>
>>>> Abr
>>>> Baldwin
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> New Hampshire \scriptstyle{ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \ \\ \
>>>> \end{matrix}
>>>> \right. } John
>>>> Langdon
>>>>
>>>> Nicholas
>>>> Gilman
>>>> Massachusetts \scriptstyle{ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \ \\ \
>>>> \end{matrix}
>>>> \right. } Nathaniel
>>>> Gorham
>>>>
>>>> Rufus King
>>>> Connecticut \scriptstyle{ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \ \\ \
>>>> \end{matrix}
>>>> \right. } W^m Sam^l
>>>> Johnson
>>>>
>>>> Roger
>>>> Sherman
>>>> New York . . .
>>>> Alexander Hamilton
>>>> New Jersey \scriptstyle{ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \ \\ \\\ \
>>>> \end{matrix}
>>>> \right. } Wil:
>>>> Livingston
>>>>
>>>> David
>>>> Brearley.
>>>>
>>>> W^m
>>>> Paterson.
>>>>
>>>> Jona:
>>>> Dayton
>>>> Pensylvania \scriptstyle{ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \ \\ \\\ \\\ \\\
>>>> \\\
>>>> \\\ \ \end{matrix} \right. } B
>>>> Franklin
>>>>
>>>> Thomas
>>>> Mifflin
>>>>
>>>> Rob^t
>>>> Morris
>>>>
>>>> Geo.
>>>> Clymer
>>>> Tho^s
>>>> FitzSimons
>>>>
>>>> Jared
>>>> Ingersol
>>>>
>>>> James
>>>> Wilson
>>>>
>>>> Gouv
>>>> Morris
>>>>
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